With the exception of bowel echogenicity and choroid plexus cysts, the ultrasonographic markers have been found to be more common in fetuses with trisomy 21 than in euploid fetuses. WebChoroid plexus cysts appear to result from filling of the neuroepithelial folds with cerebrospinal fluid . They found a Choroid Plexus Cyst and Echogenic Intracardic Focus, 2 "soft markers" of a genetic disorder. He said their mistake however was that they didn't . Antenatal choroid plexus cysts are benign and are often transient typically resulting in utero from an infolding of the neuroepithelium. Ho KL, Chason JL. At prenatal US these cysts can be predictive of trisomy 18. In the case of multiple ependymal cysts mutation of OFD1 appears to remain the most frequent candidate. Neuroendoscopic fenestration of glioependymal cysts to the ventricle: report of 3 cases. The exact cause of an EIF is not known. A comparative immunohistochemical study of neuraxis cysts and choroid plexus epithelium. Dr. Sarnat of the University of Calgary has no relevant financial relationships to disclose. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2011;24(11-12):867-75. /Producer Click to see full answer Keeping this in view, what is a soft marker for Down syndrome? 270 winchester load data She noted a relationship between EIF and Down syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1977;40:127-37. However, the majority of studies quote a diameter greater than 3 mm to be significant16-19. Signup for our newsletter to get notified about our next ride. National Library of Medicine FAQ OB said baby boy is healthy and had NO structural abnormalities BUT they did find bilateral CPCs (choroid plexus cysts) and bilateral EIF (echogenic intracardiac focus). Hi everyone, Today we had Obstetric Ultrasound (Level II) on 20 weeks and below are the observation. endobj Opening Times: Tues - Fri 10am - 7pm | Sat 7:30am - 4pm. Reciprocal translocation is a chromosome abnormality caused by exchange of parts between non-homologous chromosomes. . WebTo derive a positive predictive value of isolated choroid plexus cysts for trisomy 18, we reviewed the literature and found a total of 50 fetuses with trisomy 18 who underwent ultrasonographic examination in the midtrimester. Trisomy 21 (T21) - fetus with echogenic intracardiac focus (EIF); 22q11 deletion - fetus with EIF and 1 : 230 biochemical screening increased risk for T21; 22q11 duplication - fetus with hypoplastic right kidney and choroid plexus cysts; 22q11 deletion - fetus with right aortic arch and clubfoot; and both 22q11 deletion and 1q21 . Obstet Gynecol 1989; Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing Farlex 2012 choroid plexus . I was told the former isn't actually abnormal, and the gestational age could account for the missing pinky bone. Turner's Syndrome aka ____ __ ( ) is. Can Fam Physician. For a 20 year old - the risk of trisomy 18 is 1/4576 (<1%) with the finding of an isolated (nothing else) choroid plexus cyst the risk becomes 1/725 (still <1%) for a 35 year old woman the risk of trisomy 18 is 1/1420 (<1%) and if choroid plexus cysts are found with . They may be the only structural abnormality, or they may form part of a compound cerebral and extracerebral malformation syndrome. WebHi mamas I went to 2nd tri anatomy scan for baby number 2 and results came back normal except they sawCyst on babies brain and EIF on left ventricle.Getting NIPT blood test for more results. Antenatal choroid plexus cysts are benign and are often transient typically resulting in utero from an infolding of the neuroepithelium. hot topic assistant manager job description; Cardiac (heart) anomalies. Growth in volume may prompt symptoms at any age. Prevalence: 1 in 50 fetuses at 20 weeks' gestation. Blake pouch cysts are expansions into the fourth ventricle as an embryonic remnant of ballooning of the superior medullary velum, resulting in an avascular ependymal-lined cyst protruding into the cisterna magna. They occur most frequently near the trigone. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Just to give you an idea of some risk a__sociated with the finding and trisomy 18. human. Choroid Plexus Cysts CPCs are seen in about 1% to 2.5 % of normal pregnancies as an isolated finding, and they are usually of no pathologic significance when isolated. Keene CD, Chang RC, Leverenz JB, et al. Oncol Lett 2015;9(2):903-6. Acrocallosal syndrome in fetus: focus on additional brain abnormalities. Bhatt AS, Mhatre R, Nadeesh BN, et al. I had my anatomy scan on 9/9 and my doctor called me this morning to talk about some concerns they had with the results. Thought to represent entrapment of cerebrospinal fluid within an in-folding of neuroepithelium. Basically these are small deposits of calcium in the muscle of the heart. fetal stress NOS (ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code O77.9. a) Choroid Plexus Cyst (CPC) b) Echogenic Intracardiac Focus (EIF) (soft marker). J Am Board Fam Med 2006;19(4):422-5. They should not be confused with adult choroid plexus cysts (which are very commonly found at autopsy and likely degenerative), large intraventricular simple cysts (some of which arise from the choroid plexus . Epidemiology It is estimated to occur with an incidence of ~1 in 700-1,000 live births 1. . Echogenic intracardiac focus and choroid plexus cysts are common findings at the midtrimester ultrasound. These findings have been linked with an increased risk of Down syndrome and trisomy 18. Most fetuses with these findings will, however, not have chromosomal abnormalities, especially when these Choroid Plexus Medicine & Life Sciences 100%. EIF, choroid plexus cyst, or soft markers for downs outcomes? We analyzed the karyotype anomalies and copy number . neighbor won't pay for half of fence texas, nature based homeschool curriculum australia, how much is membership at the pinery country club, leeds city council out of hours noise nuisance, mimecast keeps asking for device enrollment iphone, why was mark allen replaced in dark shadows, wood meadow apartments in port wentworth, ga, director of player personnel salary college football, jarvis v swans tours ltd 1973 case summary. a tough question to answer. . Thank you ladies! Subependymal cysts are a major differential diagnosis. Based on morphology, cysts that appeared as an extension or diverticulation of the third or lateral ventricles (type 1) were separated from cysts that had no contact with the ventricular system (type 2). Clin Neuropathol 2000;19(3):138-41. Symptomatic lateral ventricular ependymal cysts: criteria for distinguishing these rare cysts from other symptomatic cysts of the ventricles: case report. (EIF) is a relatively common sonographic observation that may be present on an antenatal ultrasound scan. Trisomy 21 (T21) - fetus with echogenic intracardiac focus (EIF); 22q11 deletion - fetus with EIF and 1 : 230 biochemical screening increased risk for T21; 22q11 duplication - fetus with hypoplastic right kidney and choroid plexus cysts; 22q11 deletion - fetus with right aortic arch and clubfoot; and both 22q11 deletion and 1q21 . The value of small-FOV thin-section MR imaging in the diagnosis of small lesions of the foramen of Monroe is demonstrated. Because ultrasound technology is getting so good, they're finding it more now than, say, 10 years ago. Finally, ear length at 11-14 wk of gestation has been evaluated in screening for chromosomal defects but the degree of deviation from normal is too small for this measurement to be useful as a marker for trisomy 21 [ 51 ]. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. /Author The maternal fetal medicine doctor said they don't even like telling people about the echogenic focus being a marker because it is not a good indicator of a problem. To check that the foetus is developing as it should be. An 8-year-old girl was referred at the age of 2 years because of speech delay and microcephaly (-4 standard deviation). Aydin MD, Kanat A, Karaavci NC, Sahin H, Ozmen S. Water-filled vesicles of choroid plexus tumors. Tight junctions usually seen between ependymal cells were not observed. As a result of this cohort study heterozygous OFD1 mutation remains the commonest cause of orofaciodigital syndrome, which is X-linked. Microscopic analysis of samples of the cyst membrane, stained for astroglial markers, provides the definite diagnosis (57). These findings have been linked with an increased risk of Down syndrome and trisomy 18. I recently had a level 2 ultrasound for an unrelated genetic problem and wound up finding out my LO has choroid plexus cysts. Congenital spinal cysts: an update and review of the literature. Anyway, choroid plexus cysts are a well-known marker for trisomy 18. Choroid plexus cysts analyzed using diffusion-weighted imaging with short diffusion-time. Neurenteric cysts of the spinal cord mimicking multiple sclerosis. Choroid plexus cysts. Methods: Between January 1990 and August 1995, 8270 women underwent second-trimester ultrasound examinations. Report of 41 cases and review of the literature. On MRI, they may present as intraparenchymal, fluid-filled, space-occupying lesions, with a nonenhancing wall, which are usually situated close to the ventricular system, thereby causing intraventricular bulging (75). Trisomy 18 is associated with. In the case of an associated syndrome, the prognosis with respect to mental and motor development depends largely on this syndromic context. I was told the former isn't actually abnormal, and the gestational age could account for the missing pinky bone. Prenatal diagnosis of both ependymal and choroid plexus cysts is by fetal ultrasound or MRI examination in the second and third trimesters and by cerebral MRI postnatally. In the single case of an intrapontine neuroepithelial cyst, fenestration between cyst and fourth ventricle was successfully applied (61). Multiple ependymal cysts. Patients met criteria for inclusion if an EIF was noted, a TS had been drawn, the anatomic survey was complete and was determined to be normal, and karyotyping or delivery occurred at Bellevue Hospital. Mature choroid plexus epithelium superficially resembles ependymal epithelium because both are a simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium in direct contact with intraventricular cerebrospinal fluid, but they differ cytologically in many features of development. Acta Neuropathol 2009;117(3):329-38. More than three malformations were found in 29% of cases (Figure 2). Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2021a;57(6):1006-8. Wisoff HS, Ghatak NR. Clinical interest in ependymal cysts centers on two different entities: (1) Solitary ependymal cysts arising as space-occupying cysts with clear fluid. A single report mentions the development of ependymal cysts, following transplantation of human fetal brain tissue in the striatum, at the site of transplantation in a patient with Huntington disease (40). The eyegrounds were normal, excluding a pattern of Aicardi syndrome. Dive into the research topics of 'Fetal choroid plexus cysts: Beware the smaller cyst'. The syndrome of callosal dysgenesis, midline neuroepithelial cysts, and variable neocortical dysplasia causes a variety of symptoms, including seizures (07), hydrocephalus, hemiparesis (10; 32), and mental deficiency. [letter] J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995;58:109-10. >> Radiology. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2014;75(2):146-50. In the first type, the loculated fluid-filled cyst is in the connective tissue base of the choroid plexus with the epithelium remaining at the surface facing the CSF. Types of choroid plexus tumors. a disciple. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96(25):e7260. I had my anatomy scan on 9/9 and my doctor called me this morning to talk about some concerns they had with the results. Based on our conversation it sounds like either of these being predictive of or pathological for T18 or T21 is incredibly low in the setting of no other structural . Echogenic intracardiac focus (EIF) is a relatively common sonographic observation that may be present on an antenatal ultrasound scan. Skip to Article Content; Skip to Article Information; Search within. Choroid Plexus Cyst A cyst that occurs within the spongy layer of cells and blood vessels in the middle of the brain. A type 1 excludes note is for used for when two conditions cannot occur together, such as a congenital form versus an acquired form of the same condition. FOIA Bouch DC, Mitchell I, Maloney AF. The significance of choroid plexus cysts in fetuses at 18-20 weeks. J Med Primatol 2019;48(6):378-80. Choroid plexus cysts may be detected in the fetal choroid plexus on routine second trimester ultrasound scanning. Surg Neurol 1981;16:411-4. Choroid plexus cyst of the lateral ventricle at autopsy in a 35-week gestational age fetus with multiple congenital anomalies in other organs. Twining P, Zuccollo J, Clewes J, Swallow J. Br J Radiol. : 2022625 : choroid plexus cyst and eif together . Erdeve SS, Ocal G, Berberoglu M, et al. Antenatal choroid plexus cysts are benign and are often transient typically . Most MCDK are unilateral, with the left kidney more often affected (53.1%) [2]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1971;34:316-23. El Damaty A, Marx S, Fleck S, Schroeder HW. Valle DE, Borne JA. Another association is acrocallosal syndrome (27). He developed infantile spasm and electroencephalogram showed hypsarrhythmia at 5 months . Callosal agenesis with cyst: a better understanding and new classification. Cleft lip and cleft palate, also known as orofacial cleft, is a group of conditions that includes cleft lip, cleft palate, and both together. Choroid plexus papilloma is an important differential diagnosis from choroid plexus cysts (16). Obstet Gynecol 1988; 72:185. In this coronal MR-section from a 1-month-old female with oral-facial-digital syndrome, the red arrow indicates the site of a Probst bundle that replaces the absent corpus callosum. The extra chromosome is the result of a mutation during th. They found a choroid plexus cyst and an echogenic bowel. Green and Hobbins20 described the presence of choroid plexus . WebBridges of Kentucky > Blog > Uncategorized > choroid plexus cyst and eif together. T Tos, 2A Karaman, 3H Kocak, 4OF Kara, 5Y Alp, 6M _Ikbal 1 Department of Medical Genetics, Dr. Sami Ulus Obstetric and Gynecology, Children s Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey; 2Department of Medical Genetics, Erzurum Nenehatun Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey; 3Department of Medical Genetics, Dskap Children s Health and . WebThe choroid plexus is a normal structure in the brain. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1973;36(4):611-7. Bc Building Code Minimum Roof Slope, Cyst-like spaces that occur in the choroid in approximately 1-6% of fetuses between 13 and 24 weeks gestation. 1 EIF is microcalcifications of the papillary muscle or chordae tendineae (Figure 1 ). Giant choroid plexus cysts with calvarial erosion: a case report and literature review. Choroid Plexus Cyst and Echogenic Intracardiac Focus in Women at Low Risk for Chromosomal Anomalies. El-Ghandour NMF. You are in your second month of pregnanc CPC and EIF being 2 of them. Fetal choroid plexus cysts: a prospective study and review of the literature. Vinters HV, Gilbert JJ. J Neurosurg 2008;109(4):723-8. In the second trimester, the most commonly assessed soft markers include echogenic intracardiac foci, pyelectasis, short femur length, choroid plexus cysts, echogenic bowel, thickened nuchal skin fold, and ventriculomegaly.. The widespread use of sonographic markers, such as echogenic intracardiac focus (EIF) or choroid plexus cyst (CPC) to assist in identifying fetuses at increased risk for common aneuploidies (trisomy 21, 18, 13) dates back to the 1980s. Choroid plexus cysts (CPC) are however of importance for obstetricians. 2 . Several infratentorial locations have been described such as the cerebellar vermis (34; 69), pons (61), the pontocerebellar or pontomedullary cisterns (37; 41; 50), and the leptomeningeal space overlying one cerebellar hemisphere (74). 1 EIF is microcalcifications of. Choroid plexus cysts: not associated with Down syndrome. Jun 2022 24. Sarnat HB. Ucla Baseball Coaches, Howard RJ, Tuck SM, Long J, Thomas VA. CPC Choroid plexus cysts . hypocrite. What Age Should You Neuter Doberman, Rarely, a choroid plexus cyst may persist and continue to enlarge postnatally into infancy, acting as a mass effect within its hemisphere and even causing erosion of the ipsilateral calvarium (82). Inoue T, Matsushima T, Fukui M, et al. EIF, choroid plexus cyst, or soft markers for downs outcomes? Surg Neurol Int 2019;10:27. Hypoplastic nasal bone - During pregnancy the nasal bone in the fetus grows along with the other bones. WebIsolated soft signs of fetal choroid plexus cysts or echogenic intracardiac focus consequences of their continued reporting Grace Prentice1, Alec Welsh1,2, Amy Howat2, Dominic Ross3 and Amanda Henry1,2,3 1School of Womens and Childrens Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2Department of Maternal-Fetal HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help One of the primary functions is to produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) via the ependymal cells that line the ventricles of the brain. Choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC) is a cancerous form of choroid plexus tumor. Cytokeratin staining is positive in cysts that develop from non-neural epithelia, such as colloidal and enteric cysts, but the latter display negative results for glial markers (42). (EIF) is a relatively common sonographic observation that may be present on an antenatal ultrasound scan. Prognosis largely depends on the space-occupying nature of the disorder. Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) is defined as a variant of renal dysplasia with multiple noncommunicating cysts separated by dysplastic parenchyma [1]. Donnenfeld AE. J Med Genet 2017;54(6):371-80. Bryann Bromley and Beryl R. Benacerraf This article describes the individual sonographic markers used in the . Chitkara U, Cogswell C, Norton K, Wilkins IA, Mehalek K, Berkowitz RL. Labor and delivery complicated by fetal stress, unspecified. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. T2 - Beware the smaller cyst. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Would you like email updates of new search results? Echogenic intracardiac focus (EIF) is a relatively common sonographic observation that may be present on an antenatal ultrasound scan. A very rare phenomenon, the occurrence is estimated to range from 1 in 49,000 births to 1 in 189,000 births, with a somewhat higher incidence in Southwest Asia and Africa. The three markers my son had 12 days ago were a choroid plexus cyst (on his brain), an EIF (which is basically a calcium deposit on the heart), and a pleural effusion (fluid around the heart). monosomy X (45XO) The calculator below may be used to estimate the risk for Down syndrome after a "genetic sonogram". Lack of enhancement helps to differentiate such cysts from neoplastic lesions. The immunohistochemical findings in January 06, 2022 | by Annabanana1992 Figured i would post here to see if anyone had a similar Anatomy scan with their December baby and how it turned out. monosomy X (45XO) Conjoined twins or Siamese twins are identical twins joined in utero. Nagano S, Ijiri K, Kawabata R, et al. Treatment results have improved through better differential diagnosis and refined neurosurgical interventions in the last decades. Mastorakos P, Pomeraniec IJ, Shah S, Shoushtarizadeh A, Quezado MM, Heiss J. Whereas ependyma lining the ventricles are a pseudostratified columnar epithelium during much of fetal life, becoming thinned to a simple epithelium 1 cell thick as the brain grows and the ventricles enlarge, increasing their surface area, choroid plexus exhibits simple cuboidal epithelium throughout fetal life, being stratified only very transiently at the beginning of its formation at about 3 to 4 weeks of gestation in the fourth ventricle and 5 to 6 weeks in the roof of the third ventricle and lateral ventricles. 1 EIF is microcalcifications of the papillary muscle or chordae tendineae (Figure 1).Despite being structurally a variation of normal, EIF was first reported to be associated with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome, DS) in . These usually go away by the 28 th week, but can signal a chromosome defect. Park CH, Hyun SJ, Kim KJ, Kim HY. Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) is defined as a variant of renal dysplasia with multiple noncommunicating cysts separated by dysplastic parenchyma [1]. Supratentorial leptomeningeal ependymal cysts more often are localized near the midline (ie, parasagittal) (28). 2 . Anyway, choroid plexus cysts are a well-known marker for trisomy 18. . Read more . 1 EIF is microcalcifications of. The best examples are neurenteric cysts encountered anterior to the spinal cord at various levels but may progressively compress the spinal cord causing transverse myelopathy (76; 22). In the second trimester, the size of choroid plexus cysts that are of clinical significance is debatable. lilsammi23 member. Choroid plexus cysts in the fetus: a benign anatomic variant or pathologic entity? standing in grace. inked. Neuropathology 2004;24(1):1-7. by. Intraventricular localization also has been reported (09; 58) and, in the fourth ventricle, at the cerebello-pontine angle. Ependymal cysts may arise within the cranium both supratentorially and infratentorially. Article History Published in print: Aug 2000 Chromosome Genetic material that determines our physical characteristics. the presence of 2 or more embryologically unrelated anomalies occurring together with relatively high frequency and have the same etiology . Turner's Syndrome aka ____ __ ( ) is. Sammons VJ, McNamara RJ, Jacobson E, Kwok B. Pineal cysts and third ventricular colloid cysts are outside the scope of this article. Bookshelf J Med Genet. In about 1 to 2 percent of normal babies - 1 out of 50 to 100 - a tiny bubble of fluid is pinched off as the choroid plexus forms. xoxo! BMJ Case Rep 2019;12(3). Cysts Medicine . Neuroendoscopic approach to intracranial ependymal cysts. Choroid plexus cysts develop about a third of the time in fetuses with trisomy 18. Choroid plexus cyst (CPC): Pools of fluid in a part of the brain that makes spinal fluid. Introduction. Our NIPT and NT results were normal. Partial callosal dysgenesis, interhemispheric glioependymal cyst, and cortical dysplasia (microscopic findings). In the second trimester, the most commonly assessed soft markers include echogenic intracardiac foci, pyelectasis, short femur length, choroid plexus cysts, echogenic bowel, thickened nuchal skin fold, and ventriculomegaly. Endoscopic treatment of intraventricular ependymal cysts in children: personal experience and review of the literature. Shepard MJ, Padmanaban V, Edwards NA, Chittiboina P, Ray-Chaudhury A, Heiss JD. Bryann Bromley and Beryl R. Benacerraf This article describes the individual sonographic markers used in the . Gotow T, Hashimoto PH. Sarnat HB. Third ventricular ependymal cyst presenting with acute hydrocephalus. 3 However, it is believed that the bright spot or spots show up because there is an excess of calcium in that area of the heart muscle. It produces no health or intellectual disorders or disabilities. Choroid plexus cysts are found in about a third of the time in fetuses with trisomy 18. Trisomy 18, also called Edwards syndrome, is a condition in which a fetus has three copies of chromosome 18 instead of two. Submitted by Jonathon Dorff, MD. As listed in Table 1, associated anomalies with CH at first trimester were as follows: ventricular septal defect (VSD), endocardial cushion defect, echogenic bowels (2 cases), omphalocele, club foot (2 cases), choroid plexus cyst, megacystis and conjoint twin with thoraco-omphalopagus. Anatomy Scan Issues. The importance of the clustering of markers forms the basis of the scoring index, such that individual markers are assigned point values based on their sensitivity and specificity in the detection of Down syndrome. Because of the associations, a diagnosis was made of the syndrome of callosal dysgenesis, heterotopia, and glioependymal cysts. 03/20/2017 The widespread use of sonographic markers, such as echogenic intracardiac focus (EIF) or choroid plexus cyst (CPC) to assist in identifying fetuses at increased risk for common aneuploidies (trisomy 21, 18, 13) dates back to the 1980s. Choroid plexus cysts in the fetus: a benign anatomic variant or pathologic entity? /Length 5 0 R You are in your second month of pregnanc Choroid plexus cyst - A choroid plexus cyst develops inside the tiny blood vessels in the baby's brain. Categories . Williams Z, Herrick MK, Tse V. Ependyma-lined cysts. Omphalopagus Conjoined Twins. Barkovich AJ, Simon EM, Walsh CA. Arachnoid cysts have a mesenchymal origin, similar to the leptomeninges from which they originate. A single case report mentions the finding of positive staining for aquaporins (types 1 and 4) in the cyst wall in a case of an intramedullary cyst (70), the significance of which remains unclear. It helps doctors determine if a baby is statistically more likely to have a chromosomal abnormality. Touring the world with friends one mile and pub at a time; coaching master Chan L, Hixson JL, Laifer SA, et al. Inoue and colleagues studied a variety of epithelial cysts and found S-100 positive and GFAP negative in 2 neurenteric cysts and a case of colloidal cyst (39). choroid plexus cyst and eif together. Some features, such as pinocytotic vesicles and basement membrane, not usually present in ependyma, suggested a relationship to choroid plexus epithelium. marmite benefits for hair. Epub 2015 Feb 26. Ependymal-lined paraventricular cerebral cysts; a report of three cases. Ependymal-lined cysts of the subarachnoid spaces are infrequent and have been alternatively designated as neuroepithelial, glioependymal, or epithelial depending on their histological characteristics, though they may share a common pathogenesis (78). The presence of these cysts is associated with trisomy 18 (Edward syndrome) in 3.47% of cases and with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) in 0.46% of cases. Terms & Conditions! Pediatr Neurosurg 2001;34:306-10. Our NIPT and NT results were normal. Webreborn as bonnie bennett wattpad choroid plexus cyst and eif together. Ependymal cysts are immunoreactive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S-100, both glial markers expressed by normal immature ependymal epithelium.
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