Definition and Summary of the Shantytowns and HoovervillesSummary and definition: The Shanty Towns, known as Hoovervilles, sprang up across the nation during the Great Depression (1929 - 1941). He was proud of the self-built community, saying "Hooverville is the abode of the forgotten man." Historica Graphica Collection/Heritage Images/Getty Images. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. St. Louis, Missouri, was the site of the largest Hooverville in America. Hooverville served as a home for different nationalities and ethnicities. Hoovervilles were the nickname given to a Shanty Town during the Great Depression and consisted of camps of makeshift shacks or tents set up on unused or public lands. For example, in New York City, encampments sprang up along the Hudson and East rivers. The publics frustration with President Hoovers refusal to deal with the Depression peaked in the spring of 1932 when an estimated 15,000 World War I veterans and their families established a Hooverville along the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C. On June 17, 1932, many of the veterans, known as the Bonus Army, marched on the U.S. Capitol demanding payment the badly needed WWI combat bonuses the government had promised them. Library of Congress. When the government failed to provide relief, President Herbert Hoover was blamed for the intolerable economic and social conditions, so the shantytowns that cropped up became known as Hoovervilles. The quality and livability of structures built in Hooverville camps varied widely. 01 of 10 First Quaker President Hoover was the son of a blacksmith, Jesse Clark Hoover, and a Quaker minister, Huldah Minthorn Hoover. A structured government ran Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, and extensive documentation was collected. The first nine years of the so-called Roaring Twenties had been a decade of prosperity and optimism in the United States. The anger directed at Herbert Hoover didn't stop with the label given to the makeshift settlements. Seattle police twice burned the early Hooverville, but each time residents rebuilt. Some families were fortunate enough to stay with friends and family members that hadn't been evicted yet, but homeless men, women and children were forced to take up residence in shacks as a result of the Great Depression. What became the city's main Hooverville started as a group of little huts on land next to Elliott Bay south of "skid road," as the Pioneer Square area was then called. https://www.thoughtco.com/hoovervilles-homeless-camps-of-the-great-depression-4845996 (accessed March 1, 2023). What were the Hoovervilles (Shanty Town) of the Great Depression? This lack of organization has made it difficult to identify the populations within Hoovervilles. People were expected to fend for themselves. Grade Level. According to Roy, there was tolerance and friendship among ethnic groups and nationalities because racial barriers did not exist. While the goal of the tariffs was to protect U.S.-made products from foreign competition, most countries retaliated by raising their tariffs on U.S. goods. months[8] = "This website is produced by the Siteseen network that specializes in producing free informative websites on a diverse range of topics. Not ready to purchase a subscription? He believed this would represent a philosophical shift in what the government was supposed to be for--namely, to ensure a level playing field for economic opportunity, but not to regulate or take over the functions of the market. The makeshift shacks were constructed from unwanted materials and lacked basic amenities such as adequate sanitation and clean drinking water. As the Great Depression worsened, so too did people's moods. In 1930, the largest Hooverville in America, consisting of four distinct sectors, was established in St. Louis. Trade your paper with a Partner. var current_date = new Date(); month_value = current_date.getMonth(); day_value = current_date.getDate(); year_value = current_date.getFullYear(); document.write( months[month_value] ); was the 31st American President who served in office from March 4, 1929 to March 4, 1933. The Shanty Town was given the sarcastic nickname 'Hooverville' after President Herbert Hoover who Americans blamed for the Great Depression. Public dissatisfaction with Hoover soon all but eliminated his chances of being reelected, and on November 8, 1932, New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president in a landslide. The camp began when an unemployed lumberjack Spread over nine acres; it housed a population of up to 1,200. [3] Report of the Sanitation Divison December 31, 1935 as quoted in Excerpt from the Health Department Annual Report 1935, Seattle Municipal Archives: http://www.seattle.gov/CityArchives/Exhibits/Hoover/1935ar.htm (accessed December 29, 2009), [4] Report of Shack Elimination Committee (April 14, 1941), Seattle Municipal Archives (accessed December 29, 2009), Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium. Hoover leather referred to cardboard or newspaper used to replace worn-out shoe soles. The main Hooverville began on land near Elliott Bay through a cluster of small huts. "Hooverville" was a deliberately politicized label, emphasizing that President Herbert Hoover and the Republican Party were to be held responsible for the economic crisis and its miseries. Will Work ForAnything. But even as the Great Depression eased and the Hoovervilles began to vanish, they remained a potent symbol of how a combination of bad luck, governmental philosophy, and rotten timing could create a lasting, negative image. Browse hooverville resources on Teachers Pay Teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational resources. With such a well-developed social order, the camp maintained itself as a functional separate community from 1930 to 1936, when President Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal sweeping economic recovery plan allocated federal funds for its removal. It comes from the New York Public Library. Hoovervilles were racially integrated. Workers, whether migrant or immigrant, suffered from a lack of jobs making up a large portion of Hooverville. "; The inhabitants of the Hoovervilles and shantytowns in the 1930s were deprived of many of these basic needs - for additional facts refer to Poverty in the Great Depression. Why was the Shanty Town called a Hooverville? University of Washington: The Great Depression in Washington State. "; The photograph dates from about 1932 to 1937. Herbert Hoover was a rising star of American politics when he won the presidential election of 1928. This Hooverville thrived because it was funded by private donations. New York City saw the emergence of many Hoovervilles during the 1930s: During the Great Depression of the 1930s author John Steinbeck wrote "The Grapes of Wrath" about the lives of the people living in the Prairies states and the devastating effects of the Dust Bowl. The government refused to pay, citing Depression-era budgetary restrictions. I highly recommend you use this site! months[6] = "Uncover a wealth of facts and information on a variety of subjects produced by the Siteseen network. He explained that the population was fluid, as men sold their shacks to newcomers and moved on, and at its maximum during the winter months when it reached as hight as 1,200. 361 lessons. In addition to his perceived disregard for the harm done by the Great Depression, Hoover was criticized for backing the controversial Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. Pre-K - K; 1 - 2; 3 - 5; . This was at a time when most workers didn't have access to unemployment benefits, health care, or Social Security--in fact, none of the programs that could provide that kind of help even existed. Many of us spend a great deal of time imagining what we'd do if we had a lot of money--if we won the lottery, for example. ThoughtCo, Dec. 6, 2021, thoughtco.com/hoovervilles-homeless-camps-of-the-great-depression-4845996. Roy lived in the Hooverville in spring 1934 while conducting this survey which became his 1935 MA thesis. Even when Hoovervilles were raided by order of parks departments or other authorities, the men who carried out the raids often expressed regret and guilt for their actions. The term Hooverville itself is a partisan political attack on Herbert Hoover, who was the President of the United States at the time. Other Hoovervilles also developed: one on the side of Beacon Hill where today I-5 passes; one in the Interbay area next to where the city used to dump its garbage; and two others along 6th Avenue in South Seattle. Shanty towns also appeared in or near other cities. The Great Depression caused social upheaval and political unrest. Because of the lack of government, it took a lot of work. Hoovervilles primarily popped up on the outskirts of major cities. A Hoover blanket was a pile of old newspapers used as bedding. succeed. This building housed a mayora's office and a commissary, or grocery store. Inhabitants living in the primitive conditions of the shantytowns were subject to many health problems. The highly unpopular Hoover was defeated in the 1932 presidential election by Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose New Deal recovery programs eventually helped lift the United States out of the Depression. In this lesson, look at the Great Depression, some historical background, and the definition of and facts about Hoovervilles. Billions of dollars were lost, wiping out thousands of investors. Hundreds of Hoovervilles were established across the country during the 1930s. Even before the Great Depression, there were homeless people, but most large cities were able to build municipal lodging houses for the homeless. Exhibit B: Location and Number of Shacks (March 5, 1941) At 81, He does Tell History Firsthand", Photos of a new father figure in Hooverville in Portland, Oregon, Great Depression in Washington State Project, Photos and details of a Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, Photographs of California Hoovervilles (Sacramento, Kern County), Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Birthplace and childhood home National Historic Site, Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hooverville&oldid=1139613330, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from May 2017, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. The rectangular reservoir north of Belvedere Castle was taken out of service when the stock market crashed in 1929. For example, one of the eight Hoovervilles in Seattle, Washington, stood from 1931 to 1941. 19. Trade policies made the Great Depression worse. Petition for community bath houses in Hooverville (May 15, 1935) [2] Donald Francis Roy, a citizen of Seattles Hooverville, took detailed recordings of the population during his time there. Back to History for Kids. It was headed by the Commissioner of Health, the Superintendent of Buildings, the Chief of Police, and the Chief of the Fire Department, tasked to draft a plan on how to proceed with the elimination of Hooverville. By the early 1940s, Roosevelts New Deal programs had turned the economy around and many of the Hoovervilles had been abandoned and demolished. "Hoovervilles: Homeless Camps of the Great Depression." Black and white men would share homes out of convenience and, likewise, exemplify camaraderie and friendship. WW1 veterans formed what was called the Bonus Army and 40,000 people descended on Washington D.C. and set up makeshift camps on areas such as the Anacostia Flats. The economic depression began in September 1929 and was immediately followed by the October 24 Wall Street stock market crash. Who lived in a Hooverville or Shanty Town? The Depression was blamed on President Herbert Hoover, whom the town was named after as coined by Charles Michelson. "Hooverville" became a common term for shacktowns and homeless encampments during the Great Depression. Interesting Facts About Hoovervilles During the Great Depression The Bonus Army of veterans built a large Hooverville in Washington D.C. that housed around 15,000 people. Response from Health Department (May 23, 1935) months[2] = "Learning made easy with the various learning techniques and proven teaching methods used by the Siteseen network. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/hoovervilles-homeless-camps-of-the-great-depression-4845996. A shantytown, also known as a Hooverville (named for U.S. President Herbert Hoover), was located in Seattle, Washington, during the Great Depression. Inside Hoovervilles were houses called shanties . MacArthurs troops set fire to the Hooverville and drove the group from the city with bayonets and tear gas. These worksheets have been specifically designed for use with any international curriculum. Technically, these settlements were often in violation of state or local law; and even though they were often raided, it became common practice for authorities to endure them. As the Depression worsened in the 1930s many looked to the federal government for assistance. This was Port of Seattle property that had been occupied by Skinner and Eddy shipyard during World War I. Renters fell behind and faced eviction. Including the veterans, their families, and other supporters, the crowd of protesters eventually grew to nearly 45,000 people. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Hundreds of Hoovervilles were established across the country during the 1930s. And although private philanthropy increased during the early 1930s, the amounts given were not enough to make a significant impact. [7], While some Hoovervilles created a sort of government, most were unorganized collections of shanty houses. Hoovervilles of the Great Depression Daily Dose Documentary 6.73K subscribers Subscribe 223 Share 42K views 2 years ago For more episodes, please visit http://dailydosenow.com Today's Daily Dose. Thousands of Hoovervilles began to appear all over the country. var months = new Array(12); The Great Depression drew to an end with the outbreak of WW2 and municipal programs aimed at "eradicating" shantytowns destroyed all the Hoovervilles. During the Great Depression, other Hoovervilles were built in. READ MORE:Life for the Average Family During the Great Depression, In addition to the term Hooverville, President Hoovers name was used derisively in other ways during the Great Depression. Homelessness was rampant during the Great Depression. By 1930 and 1931, settlements appeared in various locations throughout Seattle, but authorities typically destroyed them after neighbors complained. Hooverville was a small town founded by homeless people in the United States during the Great Depression. It was named after Herbert Hoover, an American politician who was the president during the first years of the Great Depression. How many Hoovervilles or Shantytowns were there? The homeless clustered in shanty towns close to free soup kitchens. What were the rickety shacks in Hoovervilles and Shantytowns built with? People experiencing homelessness made them from scraps of wood, tin, tar, and cardboard, and named . Built with all over the world Copyright 19992023This site uses cookies to improve your experience. Along with Hoovervilles, other derogatory terms aimed at President Hoovers continued refusal to initiate welfare programs became common in both the homeless camps and newspapers. - Definition & History, Effects & Events of the US Civil War from Various Perspectives, William Monroe Trotter: Quotes & Biography, Andrew Carnegie: Steel, Net Worth & Philanthropy, Neil Armstrong: Biography, Facts & Moon Landing, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Around 11,000 banks failed during the Great Depression, leaving many with no savings. Seattle's developed into a self-sufficient and organized town-within-a-town. Most men with construction skills were able to build their houses out of stone, but those who could not resort to making their residences out of wood from the materials available to them, most of which were recycled. To find out more, see our cookie policy. Most Hoovervilles operated in an informal, unorganized way, but the bigger ones would sometimes put forward spokespersons to serve as a liaison between the camp and the larger community. [6], After 1940, the economy recovered, unemployment fell, and shanty housing eradication programs destroyed all the Hoovervilles. The reaction to all of this was often characterized by a grim sort of humor, sometimes represented by popular songs like the 1930's 'Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?' Mark has a Ph.D in Social Science Education. Probably the most famous Hooverville was the one founded on Anacostia Flats, just outside Washington, D.C., in 1932. Home Facts Privacy About Blog Contact Terms. Roy found the relaxed social atmosphere remarkable, describing "an ethnic rainbow" where men of many colors intermingled "in shabby comraderie. In April, residents of the main Hooverville were given notice to leave by May 1. Businesses made huge profits, but average workers wages did not rise at the same rate. Many authorities frequently tolerated the shantytowns out of sheer necessity. Photo by Smith Collection/Gado/Getty Images. "Nobody Paid any Attention": The Economic Marginalization of Seattle's Hooverville, by Dustin Neighly, Seattles Hooverville: The Failure of Effective Unemployment Relief in the Early 1930s by Magic Demirel, Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle by Donald Francis Roy, The Story of Seattle's Hooverville by Jesse Jackson, "Mayor" of Hooverville, Seattle Municipal Archives Hooverville Documents. The numbers, as mind-boggling as they are, tend not to reflect the actual state of suffering caused by the greatest economic catastrophe in U.S. history. These settlements were often trespassing on private lands, but they were frequently tolerated or ignored out of necessity. Two young residents at a Hooverville shantytown in Washington, D.C. Longley, Robert. As such, he was highly reluctant to shift the federal government into high gear to try and solve an economic crisis. [3] Men, women and children alike lived in Hoovervilles. Writer John Steinbeck featured a family who lived in a California Hooverville and sought farm work in his Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Grapes of Wrath, published in 1939. The Great Depression was the most severe and enduring economic collapse of the 20th century, and included abrupt declines in the supply and demand of goods and services along with a meteoric rise in unemployment. https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/hoovervilles. Both his parents were dead by the time he was nine. Roosevelt promised to improve the country with a "new deal for the American people." Write THREE true facts about this topic and ONE lie about this topic in the boxes below2. Seattle's decision to raze Hooverville in 1941 and expel its residents relied on a discourse of "otherness" that set Hooverville economically, socially, and geographically apart. [2] Jesse Jackson, "The Story of Seattle's Hooverville," in Calvin F. Schmid, Social Trends in Seattle (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1944), 286-93. In Washington, the Unemployed Citizen's League and its newspaper, The Vanguard, gained the state Communists a broad appeal, and integrated the unemployed into the state's radical reform coalitions. One of the important events during his presidency was the emergence of the Shanty Town during the Great Depression. Click to download the free sample version, Hooverville was a small town founded by homeless people in the. Americas longest lasting Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, stood for ten years, from 1931 to 1941. This is especially clear from the lyrics which included this line: 'They used to tell me I was building a dream, with peace and glory ahead; why should I be standing in line, just waiting for bread?'. He wasn't a particularly warm, charismatic individual; he had won the presidency on the strength of his record and his character, but very few people would have described him as sympathetic (though by all accounts, he agonized over the suffering of the Great Depression). The New Deal Legacy & Impacts | What is the Legacy of the New Deal? A request from the city was that women and children would not be allowed to live in the shantytown. The committee included two Whites, two Blacks, and two Filipinos. The final decision to eliminate Hooverville was presented in a report from the Housing Authority. In 1938, Jackson wrote a short, vivid description of the community that we reproduce here. Tensions between destitute citizens and the Hoover administration climaxed in the spring of 1932 when thousands of World War I veterans and their families and friends set up a Hooverville on the banks of the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C. Hooverville housed about 10,000 veterans and their families in ramshackle shelters built from old lumber, packing boxes, and scrapped tin from a nearby junk pile. It was a period of the global economic crisis that began with a significant drop in stock prices in the United States. Dwellings in the Hoovervilles were little more than shacks built of discarded bricks, wood, tin, and cardboard. The effect was the virtual freezing of international trade. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. READ MORE:Did New Deal Programs Help End the Great Depression? Letter from Housing Authority to City Council (March 4, 1941) The Red Scare of the 1920s History & Overview | What was the First Red Scare? Join 51,000+ happy teachers and students who use our teaching worksheets and resources every day. Some Hoovervilles were dotted with vegetable gardens, and some individual shacks contained furniture a family had managed to carry away upon eviction from their former home. However, prosperity was soon replaced by poverty and optimism by desperation following the stock market crash of October 1929 and the general failure of the nations banking system. For webquest or practice, print a copy of this quiz at the Great Depression - Hoovervilles webquest print page. People who rented their homes fell behind with the rent and were evicted by bailiffs. KidsKonnect is a growing library of high-quality, printable worksheets for teachers and homeschoolers. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Summary and Definition: The Shanty Towns, known as Hoovervilles, sprang up across the nation during the Great Depression (1929 - 1941). Courtesy Tacoma Public Library. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Construction within the strict timeframe proved an immense read more, The Dust Bowl was the name given to the drought-stricken southern plains region of the United States, which suffered severe dust storms during a drought in the 1930s. Most settlers were disorganized, and only a few established a form of government. In turn, a new lexicon came into being -- words like "Hoovervilles," "Hoover blankets" and "Hoover hogs." This photo shows a team of two work horses hitched to a wagon with farm house visible in the background in Beltsville, Md., in 1935. Although people would often use castoff lumber and building materials, more often than not Hooverville structures were built with cardboard, tar paper, and other comparatively flimsy elements. He counted 639 residents in March of that year, all but seven of them men. Lessons from Hooverville still have not been learned today. What were Hoovervilles during the Great Depression? "Hoovervilles: Homeless Camps of the Great Depression." In 1932, Hooverville was established in Anacostia, District of Columbia, to house a group of. During the fall and winter of 1931 and 1932, unemployed workers established Seattle's "Hooverville," a shantytown named in sarcastic honor of U.S. President Herbert Hoover (1874-1964), on whose beat the Great Depression began. A 'Hoover blanket' was a newspaper, covering a homeless man on a city bench; a 'Hoover flag' was a turned-out pants pocket, a sure sign of pennilessness. The term was a derogatory reference to President Herbert Hoover, who many people blamed for allowing the U.S. to fall into economic despair. In 1929, unemployment was around 3%. How many people lived in the Hoovervilles in the 1930s? The numbers obviously varied, but the biggest Hooverville in Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington served as the home to 1200 people. Almost 6,000 shanty towns, called Hoovervilles, sprang up in the 1930s. Source for information on Okies: Encyclopedia of the Great Depression dictionary. Sign Up. The nation turned to Herbert Hoover expecting help, but he had none to give. Advertisement. Many Hoovervilles were built along rivers, proving drinking water and allowing some residents to grow vegetables. Browse Catalog. However, most buildings were little more than crude shelters thrown together from wooden crates, cardboard boxes, tar paper, scrap metal, and other fire-prone discarded materials. No two He described the population as fluid in 1938, owing to men selling their homes to newcomers and moving on. During the Great Depression, in the 1930s, as millions of people lost their jobs and homes, shanty towns, also known as "Hoovervilles" began to sprout up across the US. They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was President of the United States during the onset of the Depression and was widely blamed for it. months[4] = "Locate all of the popular, fast and interesting websites uniquely created and produced by the Siteseen network. During the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and lasted about a decade, shantytowns appeared across America as unemployed people were evicted from their homes. By 1932, Hoover was so unpopular that he had no realistic hope of being re-elected, and Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York won that years presidential election in November by a landslide. The Hoovervilles varied in size from just a few shacks clustered together to communities of over 1000 rickety shacks covering acres of unused or public lands. No one knows, but there were literally millions of homeless people during the Great Depression so it seems reasonable to estimate the number as several thousands. The Story of the Great Depression in Photos, How the Great Depression Altered US Foreign Policy, Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Definition and Legacy, Biography of Louis Armstrong, Expert Trumpeter and Entertainer, What Is Patriotism? At that time, President Herbert Hoover increasingly became, in the eyes of many Americans, a grim and inept leader. "Hoovervilles" were hundreds of crude campgrounds built across the United States by poverty stricken people who had lost their homes because of the Great Depression of the 1930s. By the middle of 1941, Roosevelts New Deal programs had increased employment to the point that all but a few Hoovervilles had been abandoned and demolished. [8], One exceptional Hooverville of Seattle, Washington held a structured government and collected extensive documentation. Thesis, University of Washington, 1935), pp.42-45. Where were Hoovervilles situated? Hooverville was a small town founded by homeless people in the United States during the Great Depression. In late 1935, the city Health Department estimated that 4,000 to 5,000 people were living in the various shacktowns. Politicians continued drinking as everyday people were slapped with charges. Even during the worst of the Depression, most Hooverville residents continued to seek employment, often taking backbreaking seasonal jobs like picking and packing field crops. Many were established near rivers, as the above picture shows, or ponds - it helped to have access to some water. ThoughtCo. In his estimation, prosperity would return if people would simply help one another. Some have estimated that 500 Hoovervilles sprang up in 1929 and increased in number to over 6000 in the 1930s. Tacoma hosted a large encampment near the city garbage dump that residents called "Hollywood-on-the-Tideflats." Exhibt A: Map of Number and Distribution of Shacks (March 5, 1941) Encampments and shantytowns often referred to as tent citieswith similarities to Hoovervillesbegan appearing in parts of California, Arizona, Tennessee, Florida, Washington and other states. The term 'Hooverville' probably originated with Charles Michelson, who was a newspaper reporter and, in 1930, the publicity director for the Democratic National Party. But they eventually returned because they had nowhere else to go, and they were soon allowed to stay, owing to public sympathy. Click the image to see a larger version of the map and here to read excerpts from Roy's sociological survey.By 1934 nearly 500 self-built one-room domiciles were "scattered over the terrain in insane disorder," according to Donald Roy, a sociology graduate student who studied the community. Near Elliott Bay through a cluster of small huts residents called `` Hollywood-on-the-Tideflats. x27 ; office! 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Political unrest shanty town during the Great Depression - Hoovervilles webquest print page, D.C. Longley, Robert Missouri was. People in the United States at the same rate supporters, the economy recovered, unemployment fell, and definition! Rickety shacks in Hoovervilles and shantytowns built with all over the World Copyright 19992023This uses! Fluid in 1938, owing to men selling their homes to newcomers and moving on, President Herbert who. Help, but authorities typically destroyed them after neighbors complained of service when the stock market crashed 1929... On Herbert Hoover, an American politician who was the President during the.... Kidskonnect is a growing library of high-quality, printable worksheets for teachers and homeschoolers up along the Hudson and rivers. Pay teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational resources and of. All of the shanty town during the Great Depression. began to appear over. 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