The Gallic Empire was again part of the Roman Empire. 5. In the summer of AD 275 he set out towards Asia, gathering an army as he continued eastwards. For this, he received the title Germanicus Maximus. He went on to lead the cavalry of the emperor Gallienus, until Gallienus' assassination in 268. As an administrator, he had been strict and had handed out severe punishments to corrupt officials or soldiers. The Battle of Lake Benacus was fought along the banks of Lake Garda in northern Italy, which was known to the Romans as Benacus, in 268 [2] or early 269 AD, [1] between the army under the command of the Roman Emperor Claudius II and the Germanic tribes of the Alamanni and Juthungi. Historian Franco Cavazzi dedicated hundreds of hours of his life to creating this website, roman-empire.net as a trove of educational material on this fascinating period of history. Once Claudius died from the plague in 270, Aurelian claimed the throne. Wife: Ulpia Severina (one daughter; name unknown). [37], The emperor led his legions to the Balkans, where he defeated and routed the Goths beyond the Danube, killing the Gothic leader Cannabaudes, and assuming the title of Gothicus Maximus. Following this, Claudius Gothicus became emperor, until his own death in 270. Since his assassination by the Praetorian Guard at the age of eighteen, Elagabalus has been an object of fascination to historians and a source of inspiration for artists and . The western provinces, those facing the limes of the Rhine, seceded to form a third, autonomous state within the territories of the Roman Empire, which is now known as the Gallic Empire. Roman Emperor, 270-75 AD. Aurelian was born on September 9, 214 CE to a peasant family just south of the Danube and joined the army when he was around 20. Much more serious was the threat posed to the empire by great parts having been severed from it; in the west by the Gallic empire; and in the east by the Queen Zenobia of Palmyra. Why was the Emperor Septimius Severus not well liked in Italy? However, it would be wrong to think of these rebels as a real threat. Quintus Aurelian was an Imperial general and politican. But in October or November at Caenophrurium, a small Thracian town between Perinthus and Byzantium, he discovered that his private secretary, a certain Eros, had lied to him on a minor matter. He came to prominence most of all in the Social, Life: AD 188 - 217 Name: Lucius Septimius BassianusBorn on 4 April AD 188 at Lugdunum (Lyons).Consul AD 202, 205, 208, 213.Became co-emperor in 4 February AD 211.Wife: Publia Fulvia, The FoundingThe KingsThe RepublicEarly EmperorsThe High PointThe DeclineThe CollapseConstantinople, Army & BattlesMapsPeoplePlacesReligionSociety & LifeFAQ. NEW MAP: Europe 275: Assassination of Aurelian (September 275) https://buff.ly/3rq8iBQ Aurelian's victory in Gaul restored unity to the Roman Empire, a feat the Senate acknowledged by granting him. Coin: rare Antoninianus from Emperor Tacitus, struck Rome between December 275 - June 276 AD. Ancient Roman Coin. When Aurelian arrived at Rome the riots were brutally crushed. Aurelian fell victim to a military coup while still in Europe, at Caenophrurium near Perinthus. If Aurelian "did suppress this food distribution system, he most likely intended to put into effect a more radical reform." Gallienus was a well-meaning emperor, and if we ranked emperors on their . As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. The assassination of this vaunted military general and dictator of Rome was carried out on March 15, 44 BC, a date better known as the Ides of March, when in the midst of a calculated melee he was stabbed 23 times by his own senators. He had reigned for five years. This title was first assumed by Aurelian in late summer of 272, and had been carried previously by both Valerian and Gallienus. Their testimony does not allow us to determine whether the disturbances in Gaul were due to external or internal causes. It is clear that the Empress as regent was exercising alone power and right to coin. Answer (1 of 3): The assassination had nothing to do with the Praetorian Guard. [2] His successes were instrumental in ending the crisis, earning him the title Restitutor Orbis ("Restorer of the World"). Buy Roman Emperor Aurelian by White, John F. (ISBN: 9781473845695) from Amazon's Book Store. Under Gallienuss successor, Claudius II Gothicus, Aurelian became commander of the entire Roman army. [53][24] Sources hint at an interregnum between Aurelian's death and the election of Marcus Claudius Tacitus as his successor. After the assassination of Probus in 282 by soldiers, Carus became emperor and immediately associated with himself his two sons, Carinus and Numerian. Aurelian, sensing his enemies' desperation, attacked them with the full force of his cavalry, killing many and driving the remainder westward into Thrace. He was buried in Caenophrurium, Thrace. [19], Aurelian's successes as a cavalry commander ultimately made him a member of Emperor Gallienus' entourage. Nobody dared take on the strongest military figure of the empire, and quickly all the forces changed sides to this stern Danubian commander, abandoning a lonely emperor in Aquileia, who alas committed suicide. . The line of leaders who followed Gallienus, the Soldier Emperors, ended with the assassination of _____ Aurelian. Had Aurelian hardly had any time to spare ever since his accession to the throne, then his reign was now troubled by usurpers. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. In addition, the gold issue and the parallel series of aureliani clearly show a warlike imagery: these have military portraits with Tacitus holding a spear and shield, exalting the imperial Virtus (valour) as a fighting emperor and not as a senator restricted to civilian duties. Zenobia quickly moved to consolidate power across the east, much to the annoyance of Roman officials. After a series of quick wins against other pretenders for the throne (there were at least five), he embarked on a mission impossible the restoration of the Roman Empire to its former glory. A secretary of his (called Eros by Zosimus) had told a lie on a minor issue. When he was born this region was part of Moesia Superior. With an act typical of the Crisis of the Third Century, the army refused to recognize the new emperor, preferring to support one of its own commanders: Aurelian was proclaimed emperor about May 270[30][31] by the legions in Sirmium. He was recorded by Christian historians as having organized persecutions.[43][44][45][46]. There was a suspicion (well possibly true) that they had been producing coins containing less precious metals than was required, creaming off the profits for themselves. His assassins were junior officers: only the name of their chief, a certain Mucapor, is known to us; the most detailed sources tell of a plot involving tribunes . Alas Aurelian could put his mind to governing his empire, rather than simply fighting for it. It is also noteworthy that his assassination was a hastily carried out plot. The free distribution of bread was reorganized and rations of pork, oil and salt were added to the dole. These products had been distributed sporadically before. but he died in 270 AD and was succeeded by Aurelian. After a brief clash with the Persians and another in Egypt against the usurper Firmus, Aurelian was obliged to return to Palmyra in 273 when that city rebelled once more. Rapid successes had followed because the reverse Victoria Gotthi(ca) was already struck at the end of the first issue of aureliani from Ticinum, that is at the end of 275. mater domini n. [] et castrorum et senatus et patriae et universi generis humani). Palmyra was systematically sacked, looted and destroyed. Aurelian did not pursue them, for his presence was more urgently required in Rome.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'roman_empire_net-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_9',109,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-roman_empire_net-large-leaderboard-2-0'); The riots were still going on. About Aurelian, Roman Emperor. [29], When Claudius died, his brother Quintillus seized power with support of the Senate. Following his victory in Gaul, Aurelian returned to Rome, where he was given the honorific Restitutor Orbis (Restorer of the World) by the Senate. The city of New Orleans (in French, La Nouvelle-Orlans, in Latin, Nova Aurelianum), in Louisiana, United States is named after the commune of Orlans, and therefore by extension, Aurelian.[54]. On hearing of Aurelians marching towards them at the head of an army, the barbarians immediately began to withdraw. The ensuing battle was indecisive: the northward advance of the Goths was halted but Roman losses were heavy. [citation needed] Tetricus was rewarded for his collusion by Aurelian who made him a senator and corrector (governor) of Lucania et Bruttium. Learn more. 14, 5). [26] Claudius immediately dispatched Aurelian to the Balkans to contain the invasion as best he could until Claudius could arrive with his main army. Almost immediately thereafter Aurelian had to go north again, where this times the Vandals, joined by Sarmatians, had crossed the Danube. 13. In 272, Aurelian turned his attention to the lost eastern provinces of the empire, the Palmyrene Empire, ruled by Queen Zenobia from the city of Palmyra. Aurelian (Latin language: Lucius Domitius Aurelianus Augustus; 9 September 214 or 215 - September or October 275), was Roman Emperor from 270 to 275. The historical drama or period drama is a film genre in which stories are based upon historical events and famous people. [21][22], Aurelian was married to Ulpia Severina, about whom little is known. It was a detachment in Britain of troops from Mauretania (North Africa), around 300 people, at the time of emperor Aurelian (3rd century AD). Aurelian had a reputation for quickly and decisively eliminating perceived threats, so no one on the list was prepared to take chances. Aurelian, probably the most underrated emperor, deserves a lot of credit to ending the crisis of the third century. Aurelian defeated Quintillus' troops, and was recognized as emperor by the Senate after Quintillus' death. Following that, Claudius Gothicus became emperor until his own death in 270. Sensing weak central power, two breakaway empires formed: In 272, Aurelian marched through Byzantium into Asia Minor, defeated the Palmyrian army on multiple occasions (Battle of Immae and Battle of Emesa), captured the capital of Palmyra, and brought Palmyrian Queen Zenobia back to Rome in chains. Answer: I understand it is the first documented presence of Africans in Britain. assassination definition: 1. the murder of someone famous or important: 2. the murder of someone famous or important: . Alarming news from Asia Minor forced Aurelian to leave the theatre of operations in Raetia and Gaul before the campaign against the Germans was completed. Aurelian is usually credited with changing or completing the change of the food distribution system from grain or flour to bread, and adding olive oil, salt, and pork to the products distributed to the populace. [d] However, although Saunders's conjecture as to Aurelian's early career is not supported by any evidence other than his nomen which could indicate Italian settler ancestry and even this is contested his rise to the highest ranks is more easily understood if he did not have to start from the bottom. Kennedy's motorcade was turning past the Texas . Aurelian was probably murdered in September or October 275. It is commonly accepted that Aurelian probably joined the army in 235 at around age twenty. He married the daughter of Aurelius from whom Aurelian received his name via his mother. [citation needed], Aurelian was a reformer, and settled many important functions of the imperial apparatus, dealing with the economy and religion. Aurelian's father was probably a veteran of the Roman army. Oriens Avg. Claudius II Gothicus instead appointed him Master of the Horse and perhaps the most powerful military figure in the empire.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'roman_empire_net-medrectangle-4','ezslot_4',106,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-roman_empire_net-medrectangle-4-0'); When Claudius II died in AD 270, the throne controversially passed onto Quintillus, the late emperors brother. Consequently, Aurelian decided to invade. Asia Minor was recovered easily; every city but Byzantium and Tyana surrendered to him with little resistance. Over the ensuing 23 months of consultation, there was an interregnum, during which Aurelians widow Ulpia Severina seems to have continued to preside as empress. In 1921, a charismatic NSW MP who supported the Russian Revolution was shot at a rural railway station as he tried to disarm an itinerant Russian migrant. [25] The war against Aureolus and the concentration of forces in Italy allowed the Alamanni to break through the Rhaetian limes along the upper Danube. The donative also included a public distribution of denarii, quinarii and bronze coins, the typology of which is remarkable: Mars Ultor and Victoria Aug allude to the spirit of vengeance that drove Tacitus and his army against the military faction responsible for Aurelians assassination, as well as to an imperial victory already won by Tacitus at the moment when he entered Rome. During this period, Aurelians widow Ulpia Severina seems to have been acknowledged as empress, with coins being minted in her name. He used his force of 2,500 auxiliaries, and the armies of four Germanic chieftains to defeat the Goths in battle. . As emperor, he won an unprecedented series of military victories which reunited the Roman Empire after it had nearly disintegrated under the pressure of barbarian invasions and internal revolts. In 274, the victorious emperor turned his attention to the west, and the Gallic Empire which had already been reduced in size by Claudius II. He did not take part in a campaign against the Persians, as recorded in the Historia Augusta, but in an expedition against the Pontic Goths who, the Greek sources indicate, had invaded Asia Minor. Zenobia was captured. assassination: [noun] murder by sudden or secret attack often for political reasons : the act or an instance of assassinating someone (such as a prominent political leader). The reign of Aurelian as Emperor of Rome between September 270 and September 275 was a period during which some semblance of stability was restored to the empire, although chaos was to return as soon as this five years was over. a. Augusti This was mainly the case, due to Aurelians reputation as a strict disciplinarian. A few days before his assassination, Aurelians secretary Eros had told a minor lie to the emperor. The procession might have been humiliating to the three of them, but Aurelian showed unusual clemency for a Roman emperor. Also see Alaric Watson 1999, p. 215, David S. Potter 2004, p. 266, Herwig Wolfram, The war against the Palmyrene Empire is described in Zosimus, 1,50,11,61,1, and, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Constantius heros (ILCV 66) An elegiac testimony on the decline of the Late Roman West", "LacusCurtius: Templum Solis (Platner & Ashby, 1929)", "Solving the Mystery of an Ancient Roman Plague", Realencyclopdie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aurelian&oldid=1142189337, Roman emperors murdered by the Praetorian Guard, Roman emperors to suffer posthumous denigration or damnatio memoriae, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from March 2021, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Imperator Caesar Lucius Domitius Aurelianus Augustus, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 00:41. Aurelian's nickname was manu ad ferrum (in Latin hand on hilt) since he solved problems with a sword and not with words. Aurelian adopted a military career, and by his skill, courage, and bodily strength he ultimately became one of the Empire's greatest generals of the 3rd . She appears systematically next to Aurelian on the coinage. Although Domitian, two centuries earlier, was the first emperor who had demanded to be officially hailed as dominus et deus ("master and god"), these titles never occurred in written form on official documents until the reign of Aurelian. Eros, fearful of what punishment his emperor might have in store for him, told several senior praetorian officers that the emperor sought to have them executed. During his reign, he defeated the Alamanni after a devastating war. [28] As winter set in, the Goths retreated into the Haemus Mountains, only to find themselves trapped and surrounded. In early 269, emperor Claudius and Aurelian marched north to meet the Alamanni, defeating them at the Battle of Lake Benacus. At the same time, a group of moneyers from Lyon must have been transferred to the mint at Ticinum in northern Italy as the work of a engraver from Lyon can be identified there. warfare which seems to have begun in the 230s and climaxed in the 260s and 270s did not suddenly stop after the assassination of Aurelian. Tacitus and Florian Not for the first time in Rome's history, a group of plotters This liberty can hardly relate to the Senate of Rome; either the inscription alludes to the victory won by Tacitus over the German barbarians who were threatening the territory of Narbonensis, or, more probably, it concerns the tax privileges offered by the new emperor to the province of Narbonensis or to some of her cities. c. Aurelian d. Decius. The medallion with the legend RestitutReiPublicae, struck at Rome, is often used to support the theory of a return to the powers of the senatus populusque Romanus. Some historical dramas are docudramas, which attempt an accurate portrayal of a historical event or biography, to the degree that the available historical research will allow.Other historical dramas are fictionalized tales that are based on an actual person and their deeds . He pushed traditional Roman religion hard as Christianitt was rising. Apart from normal base silver coinage, the interregnum of Severina is also clearly shown from the production of a gold donative at the mints of Rome, Ticinum, Siscia and Cyzicus. Aurelian (214-275) was 61 years old when he died. Lewis, J. The mint at Serdica struck coins for Severina with the legend Severina Augusta.The mint at Antioch exceptionally gave the Empress the titles P(ia) F(elix), normally reserved for emperors; on the reverse, the legend is changed from the plural form Concordia Augg (Augustorum) to the singular Concordia Aug, which may be expanded as Concordia Augustae. Besides victories against various invading tribes, he successfully restored the Roman Empire by bringing the breakaway territories of the Gallic Empire and Palmyra back under Roman control . Funeral arrangements have been set for Abe. [15] He took an interest in Aurelian's early career. Unlike the Italian mints whose first issues showed a juvenile and out of date image of Tacitus, the coins of Lyon have from the first series the true and definitive portrait of Aurelians successor. More honors came his way; he was now known as Parthicus Maximus and Restitutor Orientis ("Restorer of the East").[33]. Lactantius argued that Aurelian would have outlawed all the other gods if he had had enough time. These donatives in gold demonstrate that the decision about Aurelians successor was in abeyance and that far from the senatorial circles of Rome: in the headquarters of the various provincial armies. This gave Aurelian the precisely the advantage he wanted. [48][e] Considering that this was an improvement over the previous situation gives an idea of the severity of the economic situation Aurelian faced. The Goths still managed to escape and continued their march through Thrace. History repeats because human nature never changes. While Aurelian was marching with his army to invade Persia his Praetorian Guard murdered him in Thrace, Greece. On an inscription from Thrace (AE 1927, 81), Severina is honoured as Divine Victory; on an inscription from Pola (CIL V, 29), she is designated as mater castrorum (mother of the camps). Having now sufficient strength of authority, Aurelian announced the long overdue withdrawal from Dacia. Aurelian was Roman emperor from 270 to 275 CE. Moreover, the monetary legends Libertas, Liberalitas and Ubertas (Abundance) cover rather vague concepts; these terms appear to be interchangeable on the reverse of coins. This time Aurelian was merciless he razed the city to the ground. Aurelian Roman Empire AD 270-275 NGC AU BI Double Denarius Wreath Soldier Spear. The revolt seems to have been caused by the fact that the mint workers, and Felicissimus first, were accustomed to stealing the silver for the coins and producing coins of inferior quality. Aurelian was born on either 214 or 215 in Illyricum (modern-day Croatia). But Aurelian had no time to lose in Rome. [28] Aurelian had no time to relish his victories; in late August news arrived from Sirmium that emperor Claudius was dead. You have heard of Emperor Diocletian and Emperor Constantine, but its very unlikely youve heard of Emperor Aurelian. In the aftermath of the assassination, three prominent political figures staked claims to lead Haiti, a turbulent Caribbean nation of 11 million people and one of the poorest countries in the world. The Historia Augusta alludes to the suppression of a revolt in Lyon itself. He was briefly distracted by an attack by the Goths, who besieged Anchialus and Nicopolis. Lucius Domitius Aurelianus was born of humble parents at Sirmium sometime between 207 and 215 AD most likely on September 9th, 214 AD. Tetricus was made governor of Lucania, his son was made senator and Zenobia was moved to Tibur (Tivoli) and was married to a wealthy Roman senator. But, on the main currency issues, the aureliani and the prestigious gold coins, Severina was transformed into the incarnation of Concordia, and in particular the Concordia of the soldiers (Concordia Militum). A few days before his assassination, Aurelian's secretary Eros had told a minor lie to the . However, the very next year, in 273, Palmyra revolted. The assassination of Aurelian and the interregnum of Severina (September - November 275) Aurelian fell victim to a military coup while still in Europe, at Caenophrurium near Perinthus. He also defeated the Goths, Vandals, Juthungi, Sarmatians, and Carpi. It is also noteworthy that his assassination was a hastily carried out plot. His reign, however, was abruptly cut by the emperor's assassination on his way to Persia. And there, outside Mediolanum, he became part of the plot to murder the emperor. The . The rich province of Egypt was also recovered by Aurelian. They bore the mark XXI (or its Greek numeral form KA), which meant that twenty of such coins would contain the same silver quantity of an old silver denarius. Claudius II Gothicus instead appointed him 'Master of the Horse' and perhaps the most powerful military figure in the empire. Other parts of the Empire were benefitting from the influx of reformed aureliani replacing the poor billon coinage of Gallienus and Claudius, which had been recalled after the monetary reform of spring 274. Aurelian is also credited with increasing the size of the loaves of bread without increasing their price a measure that was undoubtedly popular with the Romans who were not receiving free bread and other products through the dole. However, the Romans underestimated the Goths and let their guard down, allowing the enemy to break through their lines and escape. $136.49. His work has been cited in a number of textbooks on the Roman Empire and mentioned on numerous publications such as the New York Times, PBS, The Guardian, and many more. 0 bids. 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