PHOTOGRAPHY AND QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION A. Indented Writing Analysis Currently, no federal licensing exists for forensic document examiners; however, in the United States, the American Board of Forensic Document Examiners (ABFDE) has established guidelines and issues a certificate of qualification. Photography with reflected light. 1.5 The trainee must develop a good working knowledge of questioned document Its like randomly stamping. Questioned document examination is a comparative pattern-based science like firearms, fingerprints and tire treads. d. the notes are recorded as the observations are made. Remember: Dyne is a metric to measure the surface tension (dynes/cm). The queen bee is a fully developed female. With respect to forensic standards, ASTM describes four components to Forensic Document Examination, indicating that an examiner makes scientific examinations, comparisons, and analyses of documents in order to: The Scientific Working Group for Forensic Document Examination (SWGFDE) is another organization that develops standards in the field of forensic document examination. IR photography. Typewritten documents may be traced back to the typewriter on which they were written by means of the class characteristics of the machine (e.g., manual/electric, fabric ribbon/carbon film ribbon, type design) and individual variations across machines due to wear and tear, damage or misuse. Any. SERIES OF QUESTIONS TOPIC I: Topic I Know/discuss the relevance and role of questioned document examiners in crime detection Q1 : Q1 A document examiner with a good collection of typewriting samples can often date a typewritten document by the difference in type. It uses flexo printing plates with translucent chemical polymers that on impart creates chemical watermarks. c. Notes should include location of each item of physical evidence that is recovered. c. Shutter speed Defining Questioned Documents Triton X-100: Added till surface tension in between 27 to 30 dyne. When faced with a computer-generated document, the investigator first attempts to classify the printing process by identifying the printing technology. Any examination involving typewriting should include an evaluation of the class of typewriter, horizontal spacing, typestyle and make and model, and individual characteristics and defects. Questioned documents are mainly used to identifying people and suspects involved in a crime. d. far from the photographer. Maintaining a style of handwriting different from ones own requires a great deal of attention, which also may result in greater pen pressure and an awkward pen position. Digital photography The use of electronic means to capture light and save and image on an electronic medium such as a memory card Film speed The measure of ease with which the silver halide grains of a given film react to light Single lens reflex (SLR or DSLR) camera Information that can be extracted from the digital watermark. Questioned documents may include markings from rubber stamps, embossed seals, watermarks, or other mechanically-printed marks. Like chemical watermarks, they are also embedded after the production of paper. Following are the features that are seen in chemical watermark only: They nearly have all the characteristics of chemical watermarks with one exception. Unlike the traditional watermark, which uses wet paper, here a relatively drier paper is used. Indented writing on subsequent pages may not be the same as what appears on the surface of the document. A counterfeit pen. Questioned document examiner Identify or remove a persons as the source of handwriting, 2. They do allow an investigator to view the document without adding any additional fingerprints or impressions. b. How did World War I help to bring about the Russian Revolution? When summer flowers begin blooming, the queen begins to lay her eggs, numbering a thousand or more per day. Topics discussed include training and qualifications for forensic document examiners as well as the various methods used to exam differing projects, such as signatures, checks, computer and type generated documents, as well as obliterated writing. Forensic Watermark Examination of Paper: Destructive And Non Destructive Analysis. Obliterations or overwritingthe blocking out of portions of writing using some opaque materialalso may be used to obscure writing or other information on the questioned document. Forensic document examination has been. ins.style.display='block';ins.style.minWidth=container.attributes.ezaw.value+'px';ins.style.width='100%';ins.style.height=container.attributes.ezah.value+'px';container.appendChild(ins);(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'stat_source_id',44);window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'adsensetype',1);var lo=new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent);lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId+'-asloaded'),{attributes:true});When these watermarks appear in the questioned documents, they can state origin, manufacturer, retailer, and possibly the manufacturing date. d. Wide-angle lens, The camera's aperture is commonly adjusted on the SLR and DSLR cameras by adjusting what? explain the words and phrases used in questioned document examination; LO3. Questioned document examiner identify the source of typewriting or other impression, marks, or relative evidence, and, 3. Mark, I can, In this article, Forensic Document Examiner, Mark Songer provides an overview of the cases where forensic document examination can be applied, the techniques and technologies used, and standards that, In this article, forensic document examiner, Mark Songer provides an overview of forensic document examination. Revised and expanded to reflect the most recent innovations in the field, The Scientific Examination of Documents, Fourth Edition is a handy, accessible volume detailing current best-practices for forensic document examination. Embossed watermarks involve processes of imparting the design when the sheet is nearly dry using an engraved (deep), in-steel roll compressing fiber. c. High f-stop The author, Albert S. Osborn, is called the Father of Questioned Documents. These accrediting programs ensure that forensic laboratories meet established quality standards, and employ expert forensic investigators. Say a suicide note is found at the investigation scene. c. under normal lighting. The judge It is sometimes possible to remove the obliterating material using an ordinary rubber eraser, chemical solvent or scraping off the overlying layer, although pains must be taken not to damage the underlying writing. Albert Sherman Osborn is considered the father of the science of questioned document examination in North America.. His seminal book Questioned Documents was first published in 1910 and later heavily revised as a second edition in 1929. Applications of Questioned Document Examination Document Examiners have a crucial role to play in investigations involving a documentary evidence. SWGDOC began in 1997, and is composed of private examiners and forensic laboratories throughout the United States. b. Macro lens ACE-V Methodology Although there is an element of subjectivity in the field of forensic document examination, investigators findings reflect more than mere opinion. Tools and Methods Document examiners of the 21st century use microscopy, chemistry, laboratory instrumentation and digital photography to uncover important clues. There are two techniques for UV photography. d. Disposition of items after collection must be included. Infrared or ultraviolet examination also may allow the examiner to differentiate between different types of ink. Thermal Translucent Ink for Inkjet Printers. Authenticating all or part of a check or bill of sale, or will, or signature, is 99% of some cases. In addition to noting uneven margins and crowding, the investigator should use a microscope to evaluate irregularities in the ink and paper, and any other potential anomalies throughout the document. A former FBI Special Agent who was also a Forensic Examiner within the FBIs Questioned Documents Unit spearheads our Questioned Document Examination (QDE) practice. The measure of the "degree of whiteness" of a light source as compared to a hypothetical source of perfect white light. T/F Digital photography has higher resolution than film photography. Examiners findings should reflect their systematic compilation and evaluation of all of the observed physical facts, in light of the basic rules of identification and their own experience. The examination's primary purpose is to provide evidence about suspicious or questioned documents using a variety of scientific principles and methods. d. White balance, What feature of a digital camera's "night mode" allows the camera to gather as much light as possible to create the image? var cid='9204290220';var pid='ca-pub-8871633933419324';var slotId='div-gpt-ad-forensicreader_com-medrectangle-3-0';var ffid=2;var alS=2021%1000;var container=document.getElementById(slotId);container.style.width='100%';var ins=document.createElement('ins');ins.id=slotId+'-asloaded';ins.className='adsbygoogle ezasloaded';ins.dataset.adClient=pid;ins.dataset.adChannel=cid;if(ffid==2){ins.dataset.fullWidthResponsive='true';} Since the first edition published in 1989, there have been drastic changes in the field of forensic document examinationboth from the use of the . The inks composition can then be compared to the International Ink Library, a database of more than 9,500 inks that is maintained by the U.S. Secret Service. T/F Single lens reflex (SLR) and digital single lens reflex cameras allow the photographer to manually select the resolution. D. The other bees are more important than she is. The quality (class and individual characteristics) of handwriting is governed by schooling . Then, answer each question that follows. The lower right picture depicts the . For example, an infrared light filter, combined with other light sources, causes ink that has faded over the years to be enhanced and therefore legible. The examiner observes the numerous features exhibited in the bodies of writing to determine if significant similarities or differences exist. 7. This problem is commonly seen in traditional watermarks, but much more common in a dandy roll. Watermark is a distinctive form of image, shape, text, or any design that appears translucent and fainter when light passes through it. Whenever typewritten or machine-produced documents are called into question, each page of the document should be carefully compared to all of the other pages of the document, and, whenever possible, compared to collected specimens from the source machine(s). Photocopy Analysis 7. 1. Frequently, writers attempting to disguise their handwriting will change from all uppercase to all lowercase. Another way to trace writing is to place carbon paper on top of the original document so that the pressure of the pen will produce a carbon impression upon the lower document. Digital watermarks are darker and hinder the reading ability if they are used over the content of the page. UV light provides more detail and contrast to an injured area, including bite marks, than standard lighting techniques. Questioned document examinations involving facsimile (fax) machines often include questions around the authenticity of a reproduced signature, concerns around whether information has been altered, added, or deleted from a document, or questions about exactly when a fax was transmitted. Questioned documents are any documents that may be used as evidence in a trial, ranging from handwritten notes to counterfeit currency to contracts. faced the problems of authenticating seals,handwriting, hand-. Forensic examiners also evaluate paper documents for internal or surface weaves. a. Melting the polyethylene glycol, by heating the printed paper to 60 C. Melting soaked polymer into paper, resulting in a translucent area. But how can an examiner tell if a document is not authentic? d. Infrared analysis. Photography Scholarship, DAI. IDENTIFICATION/FORENSICS - Questioned Documents/Document Examination . A questioned document investigation is an in-depth look into a document that is being questioned in the case of fraud, forgery, etc. Trained forensic document examiners systematically inspect questioned documents and compare aspects of the document to known standards in order to identify the nature and source of the writing or printing. Authenticity 2. Origin 4. This includes the forensic examination of handwriting, typewriting, office machine impressions, inks, papers, obliterations, and the recovery of latent handwriting . Previous research has totally focused on development of science and technology. Therefore, there is major significance in the detection of forged security papers and banknotes. Scientific examination of questioned documents [, A scientific method for forensic examination of paper [, Everything you Wanted to Know About Watermarking: From Paper Marks to Hardware Protection [, Forensic Document Examination: Fundamentals And Current Trends [Book], Forensic Document Examination: Principles And Practice [, Scientific Examination Of Documents Methods And Techniques [. The ACE-V methodology is one such way of organizing and evaluating data for the purposes of scientific classification and comparison. The resultant watermark is not only translucent but also has a raised surface than the paper. Document examination plays a very important role in solving civil and criminal cases related with fraud, forgery and counterfeit security documents. Learn more about handwriting analysis and examination services available for your case from Drexler Document Laboratory by calling us at 844-373-9522 today. Low shutter speed c. Normal lens Quick History: Watermarks used in Europe for the first time. Document examination might include alterations, obliterations, paper analysis, forgery, origin, determining authenticity, or any other questions. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Questioned document, Likely, Known; questioned and more. It can also be felt by moving fingers over the design. The color of a piece or pieces of paper may be compared against a white standard or through a side-by-side comparison. As one of the few destructive techniques employed by forensic investigators, a small piece of the document containing the ink is cut away, dissolved in solvent and analyzed. 6. Forensic Document Examination (FDE) is a forensic science discipline in which expert examiners evaluate documents disputed in the legal system. T/F An f-stop is the minimum distance that must separate two objects in order for them to be viewed as distinct objects. Type of Watermarks Based on Their Appearance: Forensic Signification of Watermarks: Identification and Individualization, A. Forensic Significance of Physically Manufactured Watermarks, B. Forensic Significance of Chemical Watermarks, C. Forensic Significance of Artificial Watermarks, D. Forensic Significance of Digital Watermarks, estimate date of paper manufacturing using watermarks, Patch watermarks (because a mark patch sewed over rolls). Check how to. The importance of ink analysis has been noted in case of obliterations for differentiating the ink on basis of its chemical composition; further, the source and also the age of ink which ultimately gives the approximate age of the document providing leads and clues in the investigation process. Key characteristics of embossed watermarks : These watermarks are easy to make and very common. This concise new handbook is designed specifically to aid lawyers involved in cases that involve questioned documents (QD) evidence. Computers and Printers However, more sophisticated insertions or alterations require careful examination of the document as a whole to identify discrepancies. It is important to note that there is overlap between forensic document examiners and handwriting analysts, though some experts choose . The word, derived from the Greek photos ("light") and graphein ("to draw"), was first used in the 1830s. Establish genuineness or non-genuineness, or to expose forgery, or to reveal alterations, additions or deletions. Next, it should be established whether the questioned document is an original or a reproduction, and whether there were multiple printing methods involved in the creation of the document (e.g., a printed document that was then photocopied and/or faxed). a. In the first place, questioned document should be photographed promptly in order that a correct and permanent record maybe made of it and its condition. Documents that contain indented impressions not visible to the naked eye may be recovered through the use of an Electrostatic Detection Device (EDD) and oblique lighting photography. Forensic document examinations should be conducted by a Forensic Document Examiner (FDE or Document Examiner). For paper produced with wood fibers, a very small piece of the questioned document may be cut away and disintegrated in water. Adding new information that was not in the original document or substituting an entire page also may perpetrate fraud. Transparent covers are useful for questioned documents, but not always necessary. characteristics of handwriting: 1) slant 2) loops 3) pressure 4) speed . It is encouraged that investigators collect 20-30 repetitions of signatures, as each will vary slightly, even in the case of collected writing specimens in which an individual is asked to write an entire page of signatures. Indented writing, or second page writing, is an imprint that may be left on the underlying pages when the top sheet of paper is written upon. The primary premise of handwriting identification is that no two people write exactly alike, although natural variations occur within the handwriting of each individual. ACE-V Methodology Although there is an element of subjectivity . Requested writing specimens are gathered from the writer under carefully controlled, monitored conditions, whereas collected writing specimens were completed by the writer prior to the investigation in the normal course of their daily activities. Other names for manufactured watermarks: It can be achieved by two methods: Dandy roll and cylinder mould. Aged paper usually has more opaque/translucent marks than the rest of the paper. Internal weaves are more commonly found in paper and can be viewed with transmitted light. 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