Keep reading to find out what kind of yucca is safe for your pup and what to do if your dog eats raw yucca. We should also know vegetables that are actually healthy for your dog, and you should add these veggies to your dogs diet without any risks involved. So, you can use them without any doubt. Yuca is very starchy - even more starchy than potatoes. Excessive intake of salt can cause dehydration and high-fat content can lead to obesity and pancreatitis. 7 Things That Could Give You Paws. The ASPCA lists yucca as a toxic substance for dogs, cats, horses, and other grazing animals. Ginger is beneficial to people, but is there any risk of providing ginger to this breed? According to the nutrition facts panel, yucca fries are a good source of dietary fiber and protein. sabbath school superintendent opening remarks P.O. Early decontamination can help reduce the symptoms, so the veterinarian will induce vomiting with a hydrogen peroxide medication. What happens if my dog eats yucca? Saponins are natural steroids that arent good in large quantities. But, be sure to read the preventative measures section of this article as well.Dosage for arthritis symptoms: To stimulate appetite or alleviate symptoms of arthritis, add about a half teaspoon of dried or powdered root for every pound of dog food. To check if your dog is dehydrated, a packed cell volume (PCV) test will probably be done. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. For our small companions, though, the levels of cyanide are poisonous. The best use of yucca root appears to be as a nutritional aid to help your dog get the most from his or her food. When a large enough amount is eaten, yucca poisoning can be fatal. Canines & These Common CrustaceansContinue, Read More Newfypoo : All About This Newfoundland x Poodle Mixed Breed + PicturesContinue, Read More How & When to Switch from Puppy Food to Adult Dog FoodContinue, Read More Tips on Soaking Puppy Food in Water or Replacement Milk + When To StopContinue, Read More Can Dogs Drink Mineral Water?Continue, Read More Dog Jowls : Our Complete Guide to Common Questions About Droopy JowlsContinue, Your email address will not be published. Hell enjoy it for sure. Yucca Intensive Dosage: And if you want to build up therapeutic properties quickly, you may also double the dose. This should always be done under the guidance of a veterinarian. Drain it and remove to a cutting board. My dog has Osteoarthritis in her spine and the pharmaceutical drugs made her sleepy all the time. Is your dog in pain or itchy? You can find swaths of yucca in Mexican deserts and throughout the Southwest of the US. Can Dogs Eat Arugula? So, can dogs eat yucca without any health problems? Adding yucca to your dogs daily diet or bathing your dog with a shampoo made of yucca can help with psoriasis and other skin issues. These cookies do not store any personal information. For example, yucca contains saponins, which can cause gastrointestinal upset in dogs. However, they are also high in fat and calories. As a result, it is an excellent natural therapy for inflammatory conditions, including arthritis. Is It Healthy Or Not? Everything You Need to Know. Raw cassava is poisonous, and the toxins are removed during cooking. It is great to cure stomach upset, joint pain, arthritis, dysplasia, skin diseases, cancer, and allergies. Youre not alone if you have been wondering if dogs can eat yuca fries. After the root is prepared for eating it can be made into flour, tapioca, chips, noodles, fries etc. No need to worry about your furry family member. Ginger is, for sure better than other medicines and synthetic steroids. First, is washes off excess starch which can burn, turning the yuca chips an unappealing dark brown and giving them a bitter flavor. If your dog has eaten a lot of yuccas, you should take him to the vet right away. Emptying the stomach generally requires gastric lavage. While no specific health risks are associated with feeding your dog yuca fries, its essential to be aware of the potential for choking. He told me to feed my dog yucca capsule daily; it will, for sure, heal him and that also without any risks involved. In most cases, yucca plants are toxic to your furry friend and you should not feed this plant to them. of body weight. Now that you know which forms of yucca are safe to give to your dog, you can be diligent in making sure he doesnt get into any toxic forms of the plant. However, dogs ingesting these saponins can cause vomiting and diarrhea. Give 1 drop (NOT one dropper full) for each 10 lbs of pets body weight 2 times a day. Protect yourself and your pet. Yes, dogs can eat a small quantity of cooked shrimp as an occasional treat. Also known as yuca, this root vegetable is related to yams, potatoes, and plantains. Depending on the electrolyte levels and PCV results, they will probably need to give your dog IV fluids. My dog could be eating toxic yucca fries because no one seems to know whether or not dogs can eat yucca fries safely! That means, only a small amount should be given orally and that also one or two times a day. 2022 More Happawness | 2350 W Highway 89A, Sedona, AZ 86336, USA | All rights reserved. However, yucca can be used as a medicine for arthritis, hip and knee dysplasia, digestive problems, and skin problems. Yucca is a plant that is poisonous to dogs. How To Feed Watermelon For Dogs? Eating French fries is not recommended for dogs, as they are high in fat, salt and carbohydrates. Is Whipped Cream Harmful For Dogs? Can Dogs Eat Warm Food? Affiliate Disclaimerwalkiesandwhiskers.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. los angeles angels celebrity fans. Is yucca supplement safe for dogs? Cookie PolicySitemapAbout UsContact UsBlog. Yuca uses: think potato! Planting canine-appealing grasses in a safe area of your yard may encourage your pet to leave other potentially harmful plants alone. Bring 2 cups of water to boil. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. The cassava root can also be made into yuquitas rellenas, stuffed fried yuca balls where the yuca is boiled, mashed, and formed into a ball that is stuffed with cheese. Yucca is reallypoisonousfor them. Fried tortillas are the worst kind to share with your dog. Yucca is a succulent plant that is a member of the Asparagaceae family. 10 Possible Reasons, Why Is My Dogs Poop Cold? Not enough is known about the safety of taking yucca by mouth long-term or applying it to the skin. He may even be allergic to chicken as an ingredient. And like MSM, it has also been linked as a possible itch reliever for itching resulting from allergies. Does My Cat Have A Fever? The taste ranges from sweet to bitter but the roots contain cyanide so they must be peeled, soaked and boiled or else cut or ground and sun-dried before eating. Under no circumstances should our website be viewed as a substitute for veterinary guidance. 27,889 Satisfied Customers. It contains steroidal saponins, which are toxic to this breed. 26 Ideas To Get Your Dog Moving & Prevent Weight Gain, Smartest Small Dogs : 11 Brainy, Bite-Sized Breeds To Consider, Should I Get a Dog For My Apartment? Yucca fries are fried food typically made from the yucca plant. Our dog has injested adead yucca plant stem. References: Herbs for Pets by M.L. In its dried or powdered form, it can be used as part of dog food to alleviate symptoms of arthritis and aid in digestion, but it shouldnt be overused and you should monitor your dogs reactions to yucca. Imaging done with x-ray, CT scan, MRI, and ultrasound may also be necessary. Because of yuccas foaming action and the ability it has to help assimilate nutrients into your dogs digestive system, it should not be overused due to risk of possible irritation to the stomach lining. A lot of yucca persists in Mexico and even into Guatemala, with the plant having evolved to handle a lot of varying climates. Or what if your dog eats your cooked yucca? In place of yuccas, choose to plant grasses or other types of plants that are safe for your dog. How much should you feed your dog if they have overeaten Yuca (Yucca)? This way, you can keep a check on yucca dosage as overdosage can cause various problems and even death. You should only feed them if a doctor has prescribed it. Some people develop allergic reactions to yucca. They may also perform an endoscopy to see if any of the plant is caught in the dogs throat; if so, they will remove the plant material. 10 Reasons You Might Be Wondering, why does my dogs ear make a crackling noise? Other tests and procedures, like endoscopy, may be required, especially if any yucca is caught in your dogs throat. 10 Possible Reasons, Why does my dog bite my cats neck? Avoid feeding more than 4-5 times weekly, more than a month or two at a time or if a female is pregnant. 7. Yucca is a type of plant that is added to the dog's diet. Review symptoms, medications & behavior to keep your pets healthy with a Vet Online in just minutes. Add some with their kibble, and thats all they need. Yuccaplantsare typically native to the dryer parts of North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. That is why you can use it as a disinfectant for skin and for treating various skin conditions. Its no secret that dogs love fries. So, while your dog may enjoy eating yucca fries, they are not necessarily a healthy treat. First things first: try not to panic. Should a dog ingest a small amount of raw yucca, they will soon start vomiting and have severe diarrhea. Just to be safe, you might want to avoid anything with yucca in it. White potatoes belong to the nightshade family of vegetables, which includes tomatoes; like tomatoes, raw potatoes contain solanine, a compound that is . Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Because of all the different properties included in the yucca plant, it is considered an excellent herb for dogs with arthritis. Whipworms in Dogs: Treatment and Prevention, Dog Yelping for No Reason Possible Answers. Thanks for visiting. The remedies that you can use safely for your dog are: Gingeris great for humans, but is it beneficial or poisonous to dogs? Synthetic steroids are very harmful to your dog in the long run. They are packed with fibers and vitamin K and Vitamin C. Iceberg lettuce is good but doesnt provide much nutrition. If your dog ate an entire bag of yucca fries, it would be consuming 140 calories. They have only cooked off the cyanide, but the steroidal saponins remain. All the vegetables mentioned above can be given as a meal but remember: an excess of everything is bad. It is also naturally gluten free. Your email address will not be published. It is actually really tasty if done right and it is suppose to be good for you. Can Dogs Have Watermelon? Why? 7 Best Dog Foods For Cavalier King Charles, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXGOWuwomJw, Yucca Natural Supplement for Dogs and Cats. Typically, dogs' diets are 10% fat, 30% to 40% protein, and the balance in carbs. Secondlyand more importantly!it begins to break down the tough cell structure of the root, which is even stronger than that of a potato. Lets find out the symptoms of yucca poisoning. It contains steroidal saponins, which are toxic to this breed. Symptoms of poisoning include: Of the Asparagaceae family in the order of the asparagales, the yucca ranges from small shrubs to large trees with many varieties of blooms and native areas, but they are all toxic to dogs. 27 October 2019, 11:38 pm. Whats So Interesting About pomeranian life span? Remove from oven and flip. Consider boiling chicken as a healthier alternative, or . Last edited: 2/9/10. Yucca plant also contains cyanide. They can be served as a side dish or appetizer and are often seasoned with salt, pepper, and other spices. Dont try to make yucca medicine at home as you dont know when the dose exceeds and becomes lethal to your dog. The ASPCA lists yucca as a toxic substance for dogs, cats, horses, and other grazing animals. Once the veterinarian comes up with a diagnosis, treatment begins. Yucca (Yucca spp) of the Agavaceae family is a poisonous perennial plant for dogs. Lets find out. It might be safe for you, but the saponins in the yucca plant are toxic to your pup and can cause liver damage. Place yucca in a large bowl and top with olive oil. There are many kinds of yucca, each of them a part of the Asparagaceae family. 10. Add the eggs, butter, sugar, salt, and 3 cups of flour. The supplements that we share on Your Old Dog are not meant to treat diseases, but rather to support the health of the individual dog. Dead plants may be more toxic than live ones; at this point therapy would consist of fluids and other supportive care. While yucca is not poisonous to dogs, some health risks are associated with feeding it to them. Turmeric is an amazing spice with lots of health benefits for dogs. My dog ate chicken fried rice should I be worried? The name yucca refers to a vast genus with more than 40 shrubs and perennials. Start Here. Is yucca one of them? I'm not one to bash carbs, as I believe protein, fat and carbs are all vital ingredients for health. We add garlic, onions, and lemon to it for flavor. Available at most herb retailers and even landscaping outlets, yucca can be safely but cautiously integrated into a dogs dietary routine. This plant is more dangerous to large animals that are chronically grazing (eating) on this plant. If you think your pet has eaten something potentially toxic, call Pet Poison Helpline or seek immediate veterinary treatment. Tilford, Natural Remedies for Dogs and Cats by CJ Puotinen, We are not Veterinarians and this website also known as YourOldDog.com and associated products, including blogs, articles, online videos eBooks, DVDs, digitally delivered products, workbooks, audio books and other products, are provided for information purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. Do Cats Eat Dragonflies? But you have to be careful about the quantity youre feeding to your dog. If it's lower, it'll keep the blood sugar levels at a more even keel and prevent the spikes that can cause problems. (You can unsubscribe anytime). I would take Magda in for a check with your Veterinarian. Similarly to taro, yuca can be used in sweet dishes like custards and cakes . But before buying yucca capsules, make sure youre buying from a reliable pharmacy. For more detailed information about how we use cookies, please review our. It tastes like French fries. Please note that turmeric isnt harmful to dogs at all. Cyanide is lethal, so much so that it can cause the death of dogs as well. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. You know, it includes saponins, which are harmful steroids for puppies if taken in big quantities. Like people, every dog is different and has its own unique dietary needs. homemade dog food recipes vet approved australia; vertical slider codepen. Have you ever wondered if your dog can eat yucca fries? What are The Risks if my Dog Eats Yuca Fries? This isnt true. Yes, cooked yucca has no cyanide, but it doesn't make it a safe food, which is why we don't suggest it. Your fur baby will be anesthetized for this procedure. Find out more detail in this post here. Typically, when dogs and cats ingest yucca, it results in mild vomiting and diarrhea. 292K views 4 years ago Learn how to make Crispy Yuca Fries (Fried Cassava)! You have 18 hours before your dog develops renal symptoms. CA License # A-588676-HAZ / DIR Contractor Registration #1000009744 Fill a large frying pan with enough vegetable oil to 350 F. The saponins in the plant may reverse effect and slow down nutritional absorption. Drain oil and sprinkle with sea salt to taste. Limit your dog to a half cup or less per serving, no more than once a week. Raw yucca shouldnt be given to a dog whatsoever. So, you can use yucca if your dog is suffering from some major illnesses. Yuca fries are a safe treat for your pup use caution and common sense, and youll be fine! The yucca plant, which commonly grows in the desert, contain steroidal saponins. This procedure is done using an endoscope, which is a long, flexible tube with a camera on the end. If your dog eats a large quantity of raw yucca root, they could experience adverse side effects, such as drooling, weakness, incoordination, bloating, abdominal pain, high blood pressure, increased heart rate, vomiting, and diarrhea. Each kind of yucca is toxic to dogs, cats, and even larger grazing animals, like horses. Eating French fries can also cause pancreatitis, a . Dr Scott Nimmo. Although the taste of yucca is quite bitter but dogs dont care. Today's yuca fries are inspired by Latin America and later this week you'll see some Mexican-inspired dishes. The roots that are healthy for your dog are beetroot, carrots, and yams. Yucca contains a compound called steroidal saponin, which causes adverse reactions in dogs and cats. Line onto a baking sheet (do not overcrowd) and bake for 15 minutes. Saponins are plant glycosides that foam up when met with water. my dog ate fried yucca . Yucca root is classified by FDA and the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) as Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) for use in animal feeds and supplements. If youre worried about the odor of your dogs stool or urine, do something about it by providing a balanced diet and proper exercise. Can cats eat pizza rolls? This is not a lot of calories, but it is essential to consider how many yucca fries your dog will be eating. The Surprising Answer! Can Dogs Eat Yucca Fries? Sprinkle with chili powder, salt and pepper and lightly toss to coat. Nealy Smith said after being pricked by a yucca plant her . determine what is toxic to a particular pet. We use cookies for our legitimate interests of providing you with personalized content, enabling you to more easily use our website, evaluating use of our website, and assisting with ad reporting functions. Heat your oil in a fryer or a large, heavy pot to 360F. He's the founder of Dog Food Guru and other pet publications as well as the owner of two Goldendoodles who keep him honest. Dr. Rachel. my dog ate fried yucca. Treatment will depend on how much your dog ate and what symptoms he is showing. Powdered yucca root is also used in health supplements and added to tea. Can Dogs Eat Fried Tortillas. Heat olive oil in a skillet over medium-high heat. Throughout history, yucca has been regarded as an edible delicacy among many peoples, as well as a medicine. One important thing to remember when it comes down to growing yucca outside your house or apartment: our pals love to check out plants like these! Additionally, yuca contains oxalates, which can bind to calcium and cause kidney stones. The food is fatty and salty, and the crunchy coating may contain toxic ingredients like garlic and onion, while the cooked bones tend to shatter and splinter, causing serious damage to your dog. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. And if possible, try to bring the remainder of the yucca plant with you, as this can help the vet make a proper diagnosis. Cyanide, a powerful poison, is . Yucca capsules contain an optimum amount of yucca for your dog that heals your dog instead of making him sick. Some people say that cooking yucca root diminishes the toxicity for animals. Can Dogs Eat Yucca? The yucca plant uses these saponins to keep animals from eating them. The yuca sold here is the sweet variety found in the Caribbean and Central America. Use yucca for four days, and then discontinue for three days. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Once your dog has taken a nibble of yucca, there is no time to waste. There are several types of the yucca plant and they can be found naturally growing in dry climates in many places in the US. Heat up a large skillet or cast iron with oil up to inch- medium-high heat until hot but not smoking. However, dogs and other animals cant get the same benefit people do. When you arrive, they will perform a physical examination, including overall condition, heart rate, breath sounds, respiratory rate, blood pressure, body temperature, weight, reflexes, and oxygen levels. However, it has other medical applications in canines, such as arthritis treatment. Cassava / Yuca 1 Qt. Some yucca plants have been found as far north as Alberta in Canada, due in large part to the dryer desert areas of the province. If enough of the plant is eaten, or in small or older dogs, the effects can quickly turn to weakness, confusion, and possibly seizures. Therefore, feeding it alone to your dog only gives them access to carbohydrates in the rice and the fat used to fry the rice. Wonderful for Arthritic Pain in Dogs. It had been about 24 hours and vomiting started about 3 hours ago and has since ceased. Actually, raw yucca root containscyanidethat is poisonous to dogs. No, dogs cant eat yucca root. Higher doses may lead to death. Once the yuca has soaked for at least 30 minutes, preheat the oil in a deep pot to 350F (180C) over medium-high heat. You should give just the right amount of veggies to your dog. Does a dead plant do as much damage as a live plant? People usually call me by the nickname Joy because they think that I am a positive and joyful person who is a child at heart. The fried yuca is delicious with a spicy dipping sauce, avocado sauce, or a simple salsa. Dog Nutrition 101 The evergreen yucca plant, which blooms in the summertime, contains steroidal saponins that can lead to weakness, drooling, and vomiting in dogs. If enough of the plant is eaten, or in small or older dogs, the effects can quickly turn to weakness, confusion, and possibly seizures. The most common symptoms include digestive issues and lethargy. The stalks that are safe and healthy are celery and asparagus. But overall, you should be very careful when it comes to yucca and your dog. Can Dogs Eat Yucca? In general, unless directed otherwise by your veterinarian, you should keep your dog away from this treatment at all times. Cassava: Cassava, also known as yucca or gaplek, can be toxic when raw. I was really worried because my labrador was suffering from arthritis. Generally, you can feed your dog all the vegetables that are low in calories and high in vitamins and minerals. Don't disregard advice from a vet. Can Dogs Eat Yuca Fries? But what if your pup also eats yucca from outside when you take him on a walk? This plant is more dangerous to large animals that are chronically grazing (eating) on this plant. However, it has other medical applications in canines, such as arthritis treatment. So, yucca has Medicinal benefits for dogs. FluffyPlanet is not a medical resource. No, dogs are unable to consume yucca as a meal or a reward. My dog ate a plastic bag of snickerdoodle cookies. Yucca is a great natural steroid that has no side effects if taken appropriately. If your dog experiences these symptoms, contact your veterinarian immediately. Regarding macronutrients, yucca is mostly carbohydrate with a small amount of protein and fat. To answer the question, can dogs eat yucca? But all these benefits are for us humans. According to the USDA, one yucca fry contains 20 calories. This article will help you to understand the benefits of yucca for dogs and how you may be able to safely use it for your own dog. According to the ASPCA, yucca is toxic to dogs and should not be consumed by them, even in small doses. It grows in the deserts of Mexico and Southwestern United States. Join an elite club of passionate pet owners tasked with showcasing the breed you love! While yuca is a nutritious root vegetable, its essential to ensure that its adequately prepared before feeding it to your pup. This spice reduces inflammation and joint pain, particularly cartilage soreness, caused by any injury your dog may have when playing or running. Yucca. But why are these yucca supplements okay? As yucca is popular in many regions, you must ensure that you oversee any outside areas where your dog may walk freely - keeping an eye on them and safeguarding them from taking bits of this plant back into the home! Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc or its affiliates. Once all this is done, your dog should recover without any problems. Even in small doses, raw yucca can cause vomiting and diarrhea. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. So, before you let your dog chow down on those yuca fries, its essential to know a little about your furry friends digestive system. In a large pot cover the yuca with water, add salt and bring to a boil, reduce the heat to medium low and cook about 15 to 20 minutes or until is tender. Yucca is useful because of the considerable quantities of vitamin C, beta-carotene, calcium, iron, manganese, magnesium, niacin, phosphorous, protein, and B vitamins included. Yucca is a plant that grows typically in dry, barren lands. If youre unsure, speak to your veterinarian about yucca supplements and see what they say. Health risks associated with feeding dogs yucca. If your dog eats it, he or she may develop vomiting, diarrhea, and other symptoms. Peel and cut the yuca into even size batons, then place the batons in the bowl of water. Too much yucca causes digestive distress and bloating in dogs which is deadly. If your dog has eaten yucca, then just stay calm and look out for the symptoms. Try to feed your. IV fluids and liver-supporting medications might be needed along with monitoring overnight to make sure your dog recovers well. Why Is My Dog Afraid of Flies? Because yucca is also toxic to dogs in higher doses. POTATOES Tonight monitor for vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, reduced appetite but I suspect you won't see any ill effects from this ingestion. If you eat yucca root you will get sick as a dog. After a few days she was even walking a little more, over the past few months she has become almost pain free. If possible, try to figure out what kind of yucca plant your dog ate, as this could help with diagnosis and treatment. Yucca can cure arthritis, soothe joint pain, ease digestive problems, and cure skin issues. These natural meals are high in fiber, which stimulates your pet's digestive system and keeps him feeling fuller for a longer period. Become a breed ambassador! Notes You can boil and dry the yuca the day before frying to cut down on prep time. For this reason, you should be aware of common symptoms your dog might show if he has yucca poisoning, including: In advanced untreated cases of yucca poisoning, your dog may lose control of his bodily movements, have acute liver disease, or lose consciousness. Avoid feeding more than 4-5 times weekly, more than a month or two at a time or if a female is pregnant. When you enjoy cooked yucca like yucca fries, always be sure to keep it away from your dog. Because our puppies are members of our families, it is understandable that you would want to ensure their health and safety. Yucca is a succulent plant that is a member of the Asparagaceae family. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Raw yucca root contains cyanide, which is a poison for dogs. For example, many brands of yucca fries have onion powder. I'm grateful your info was emphatic about calling the vet. Instructions. The Content is not intended to be a substitute for professional veterinarian advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Yucca is considered to be a category 2 herb which means that its safe in SMALL DOSES. Yucca is also being used in cosmetic products to heal different skin conditions. Other sources will tell you that yucca is okay for dogs and cats as a supplementbut they sometimes forget to say that it must be commercially processed first. Saponin is named so because it forms a soapy lather when mixed with water. These substances have an ability to foam, which can make them dangerous for dogs. Call a veterinarian immediately or the Pet Poison Helpline for assistance. ABOUT|CONTACT|BLOG|PRIVACY POLICY| AFFILIATE DISCLAIMER. Can Cats Eat? It includes steroidal saponins. Like most roots, yuca lends itself well to frying -- either as chips, fries, or fritters. I ate fried yuca in Ecuador. For humans, yucca root comes with many benefits, including vitamins A, C, and B, as well as potassium, zinc, iron, magnesium, copper, and selenium. Everything You Need to Know. When it comes to whether or not dogs can eat yucca fries, the question is about the nutritional value of yucca for dogs. Yucca fries generally have a savory flavor and are crunchy in texture. You should always feed commercially processed yucca that is specially made for dogs as a medicine. 10 possible reasons. Yuca is an extensively grown tropical vegetable that has other common names that you may recognize, such as cassava, manioc, and tapioca.