What mainly causes a tennis ball to bounce is all the pressure stored inside. As shown in Figure 10, elongation is proportional to temperature. Background Research You should find that the heated balls bounce the highest, followed by the room temperature balls, then the refrigerated balls, with the frozen tennis balls bouncing the least. The hypothesis was confirmed as the room. This allows more elongation at lower stresses than occur at lower temperatures. And we saw in Figures 7 and 8 that stiffness is proportional to temperature. 1b Heat after tensioning and stabilization. Analyze the data, and make a conclusion stating if the temperature of a tennis ball affects how high it bounces. When pressedurized tennis balls are pressed, they exert internal pressure. You can also vary the brand for the second round to ensure that you have more data to make comparisons and conclusions on your data. This is because the ball will have cooled down and the air molecules inside it. Once we have the readings from each of the balls you have dropped and observed in the previous step, we need to determine the average reading. This means that the pressure is optimal for performance on the field. As you will notice from your experiment, the balls that have been treated to the ice chest with ice in it will tend to have lower bounces, resulting from the molecules moving around less and containing less energy. Repeat steps 1-3 but keep the ball in a refrigerator. Setup #1 Tension vs timing of heat application. This scientific mystery can be demonstrated at home or school with a simple experiment. This increases the time it takes to achieve the target tension. This experiment was undertaken to quantify the effect of temperature on string. Temperature Quadratic ANOVA, Table 10: Ball 2 vs. The player may also feel stiffer on a cold day. As such, they will not be able to bounce to the heights that you would expect, and for this reason, you will tend to notice a lower height consistently for the colder balls. For the sake of our experiment today, you will need to have a concrete floor or other hard surfaces that will be used to perform the bouncing test. How hot the object or how cold the object. Sometimes, new balls might give you different results than older balls which means that your experiment will require a new source of data to determine whether you are getting accurate results. Figure 7 Stiffness by string, material, and temperature exposure immediately after the 100 second relaxation period. Confirming beliefs and behaviors is as important, if not as sexy, as exposing the myths and follies of our concepts. These acquired values show that the line is a good predictor of future points and where they will fall. As we have seen, temperature affects the duration of the stretch, as as such, will affect the tension loss and stiffness. That is, it is more susceptible to wear in unfavorable conditions. If you are looking to add a bit of friendly sabotage to your tennis opponents game, consider popping a few of his tennis balls in the freezer beforehand. The ball will not bounce as much in the cold as it does during hot days, and for the players, this is a vast difference that is also evident in how they take on the matches at different times. (Incorporation, 2011) This method was used for a long time. The strings were indexed by the percentage of tension loss for the 20 C room temperature scenario and plotted on a graph (Figure 6). Hot temperatures create more pressure whereas cold temperatures do not produce much pressure. For example a tennis ball will bounce higher than a soccer ball because it has more air pressure and it is harder. That is the important take away. Players will be able to use the conclusions in many ways. Tension Loss. The machine stretched the string at 100 mm/min until tension reached 280 N. There was a 100 second wait during which tension loss was recorded. When the final cubic fit was tried in Table 13, 14 and Graphs 11, 12, a further increase in R squared was found to 0.979 and 0.972 and these are excellent fits to the data and should predict future values very well. Tennis string is affected by temperature, but not always in the manner that one might expect. First, watch the video. Average the results. Since the effect of temperature on the bounce of a squash ball is signicant, we studied the temperature dependence of its elastic properties. It is also an ideal learning opportunity that can show us how the effects of temperature cause variations in the bouncing ability of a tennis ball. Hypothesis: The normal tennis ball will bounce higher than the tennis ball that was placed in the freezer for some time as the air molecule inside are not affected but for the cool tennis ball its air is compressed affecting its bounce. The 20 C temperature was room temperature and 40 C was achieved with a heat gun. A t test was than completed to compare the means of the two different balls bounce heights. The height to which it can bounce back can be changed when you heat the tennis ball. This will give you a visual presentation of the bounce heights and the temperatures, which means that determining whether hot or cold balls can bounce to a higher height will be a lot easier. The first bounce is usually the most accurate since as the ball is exposed, the temperature rapidly changes. These muscles are used to accelerate the whole arm while also stabilising the shoulder. Results for Setup #2 ‐ Elongation, Tension and Stiffness vs Temperature. This increased energy and movement results in a higher bounce. Does Temperature Affect How High a Tennis Ball Will Bounce? Ensure that you note the temperature of each ball once you are ready to start your experiment to find out its temperature. This corresponds to the string stiffness after stringing and a period of tension loss. How does temperature affect the bounce of a tennis ball? The strings were each given an Identification number from 1-15 (14 was omitted). Baseballs have less bounce than tennis balls or golf balls. Stand on the chair and place the tape measure next to you. (Sheehan, 2011)However, if one lets the ball continue to bounce, it will bounce less high each time until it eventually just sits on the ground. Finally the data does not justify spending extra money for the championship balls since the mean bounces of both the championship and non-championship balls are considered equal. The bladder inside the ball is what holds the air. The sample standard deviations for ball 1 and 2 were now found. Bocce has really become such a widespread sport because you can participate no matter how old, what your race is, or what gender you are. Tennis players should conclude two things from this study the next time they go out for a game. The target temperatures were achieved just prior to tensioning and maintained during the tensioning and relaxation phases. Most balls use valves for air retention. Her professional writing works focus mainly on the subjects of physical health, fitness, nutrition and positive lifestyle changes. When a tennis balls temperature changes, the balls gas-filled core undergoes an interesting reaction. Hold the meter stick vertically with one end on the ground. This machine measured string tension vs elongation. Tension stabilization continues forever, but at a continually decreasing pace. If stretched at the same rate, a string that elongates further to achieve the target tension will take more time to do so than one that elongates less. She works in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and her previous nursing experience includes geriatrics, pulmonary disorders and home health care. The question of concern was whether adding heat after stabilization would start (or accelerate) tension loss. Once ready, remove the balls individually and drop them from an elevated position. It is common knowledge that most strings lose a large percentage of tension with time and play. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. The second take-away is the confirmation of what players' have previously known that cold strings play stiffer and hot strings play softer. (Incorporation, 2011)The first rubber tennis balls were made out of pure rubber, and their properties were increased by stitching flannel on to the core. For the 20 C test and the "heat-before-tensioning" 40 C test, each string was brought to temperature before being tensioned. In order for maximum force to be generated, a tennis player needs a good stable base from where they can begin the movement. Since the bounce of a tennis ball partly depends on the pressure of the gas in it, the ball will bounce differently in different pressures. cuz in my experiment i got some mixed up results. General Conclusion: As a result of experimentation, one has come to conclude that the hypothesized notion is in fact incorrect. For the heating during the tension loss phase, the starting temperature was 20 C. Tension was increased to 28 kg and 200 seconds were allowed to pass. Figure 13 Tension vs time for a string tensioned to 28 kg for several different time intervals prior to clamping. We are guessing that heat makes the molecules move faster in the bouncy ball, which gives it more elasticity, but I did not find anything in my research of this project that confirms that fact. The most durable material that is relatively widely used is kevlar, which lasts for a long time. During a game of tennis, most players rely on the balls rapid bounce to help them play and score. With a propensity to bounce higher and further, the pace of the game can change considerably. Also, when its more humid outside, its tougher for players to stay cool, because sweat is less likely to evaporate into the air. This is expected. That is why tension loss in itself can be a misleading indicator of string performance. Most players agree that in hot weather the string plays livelier and has more power due to tension loss and that in the winter, strings feel firmer and less powerful. The anatomy of a tennis ball features a hollow rubber-like core filled with gas. My own experience is that cold tennis balls don't bounce as well as warm ones. Perform steps 10-13 three times. With this, it will look at the movements that occur at each of the upper extremity together with the muscles that are in use at the joints. 28 Oct. 2014. From the beginning of tennis in the 1870s, India rubber, made from a vulcanization process invented by Charles Goodyear in the 1850s, was used to manufacture lawn tennis balls. In this case, more stress equalization may occur during the stretch and less might therefore occur during the relaxation period. (Borlings, 2011)They did not bounce very well, however. I should also research to determine who should not use a stability ball. The tennis ball has a hollow rubber-like core filled with pressureized gas. The use of different kinds of balls will help you determine whether the temperature is the only variable causing your results to be varied. Rather, it is something that naturally happens. 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That most strings lose a large percentage of tension with time and play bounce heights large of...
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