Except, world governments are not giving you permission to refuse to join the cult. Now you have the chance to watch the entire film here on StopWorldControl.com. In 1951 the company was split into its original constituent companies. After Germany fell, IG Farben was dissolved and its assets sold off by a Nazi turned American by the name of, you guessed it, George Soros. The United States of America vs. Carl Krauch, et al. [71] Ambros, Btefisch, Drrfeld, Krauch and ter Meer were convicted of "participating in enslavement and deportation for slave labor".[72]. The Rockefeller Foundation (RF) operates out of New York City and was first established by John D. Rockefeller, Sr. in 1913. In 1947 the American government put IG Farben's directors on trial. [50] The gas was first used on human beings in Auschwitz (650 Soviet POWs and 200 others) in September 1941. Weiler Ter Meer (1.9 percent). [a] These companies continued to operate as an informal cartel and played a major role in the West German Wirtschaftswunder. Prior to the First World War these firms had established a community of . We will contact you shortly about a new shipment (). The city archive indicates that the cemetery was located approximately where the main gate to the BAYER factory currently stands. Fauci also graduated from Cornell University Medical College in 1966 and therefore could not possibly have been college roommates with technology mogul Bill Gates, who attended Harvard College for a few years in the mid-1970s. . In this context, 18 U.S. Code 1002 makes it illegal to manufacture or possess false . Over time, Farben morphed into other companies, some named belowbut their mission is still the same - EXTERMINATION, DEPOPULATION, CULLING HUMANITY. IG Farben was founded on December 25, 1925 as a merger of the following six companies: BASF (27.4 percent of equity capital), Bayer (27.4 percent), Hoechst including Cassella and Chemische Fabrik Kalle (27.4 percent), Agfa (9.0 percent), Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron (6.9 percent) and Chemische Fabrik vorm. Two years earlier, another part of Hoechst was sold in 1997 to the chemical spin-off of Sandoz, the Muttenz (Switzerland) based Clariant. In 1908 Hoechst and Cassella acquired 88 percent of the shares of Chemische Fabrik Kalle. George Soros broke up IG Farben and he formed Moderna. You want to know who is behind all of this? [42], This message was repeated by Wilhelm Rudolf Mann, who chaired a meeting of the Bayer division board of directors on 16 February 1938, and who in an earlier meeting had referred to the "miracle of the birth of the German nation": "The chairman points out our incontestable being in line with the National Socialist attitude in the association of the entire 'Bayer' pharmaceutica and insecticides; beyond that, he requests the heads of the offices abroad to regard it as their self-evident duty to collaborate in a fine and understanding manner with the functionaries of the Party, with the DAF (German Workers' Front), et cetera. With Moderna (IG Farben) now responsible for over 4000 deaths, and the number of evidence of a scam piling up faster than the bodies, it's time the guilty parties got addressed. People are eating pesticide and insecticide and looking to MDs to fix their self-inflicted health detriment, all while they keep eating weed killer and bug killer food. After the war the property was passed on to IG Farbens successor BAYER AG. Im Gegenteil: Die Konzernleitung steuerte Hitlers Aufstieg sogar entgegen, wich von der offi-6 David Abraham, The Collapse of the Weimar . Weiler Ter Meer[1]it was seized by the Allies after World War II and divided back into its constituent companies. The remaining few left in 1938 after Hermann Gring issued a decree, as part of the Nazis' Four Year Plan (announced in 1936), that the German government would make foreign exchange available to German firms to fund construction or purchases overseas only if certain conditions were met, which included making sure the company employed no Jews.[9]. On one occasion they complained about the stench of the burning bodies. The minutes of a meeting of the Commercial Committee on 10 September 1937 noted: It is generally agreed that under no circumstances should anybody be assigned to our agencies abroad who is not a member of the German Labor Front and whose positive attitude towards the new era has not been established beyond any doubt. [49] The poison gas was supplied by an IG Farben subsidiary, Degesch (Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Schdlingsbekmpfung MbH, or German Company for Pest Control). Fumigation took place within a closed room, but it was a slow process, so Degesch recommended building small gas chambers, which heated the gas to over 30C and killed the lice within one hour. Born in Hungary in 1930, Soros and his Jewish family lived in Budapest during the Nazi occupation. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. please send an e-mail for receiving the English newsletter Keycode BAYER free of charge. The Zyklon B gas, which killed millions of Jews, Gypsies and other people was produced by IG Farbens subsidiary company Degesch. In most cases the prisoners died as a result of the experiments. One of the main financial backers of Moderna. On paper everything was legally correct: Julius Israel Kohn from the Association of Jews in the German Reich and Bernhard Hoffmann, the representative of IG Farben, signed the sales agreement in a notarys office, and the copy of this seemingly standard real estate transaction has a stamp from the Krefeld tax office. [5] Several IG Farben scientists were awarded a Nobel Prize. I want to make sure people remember what happened to people like me when I was a child at Auschwitz, she says. Jmno zskala z nmeckho Interessen-Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG (Zjmov skupina prmyslu barev). There were five counts against the IG Farben directors: Of the 24 defendants arraigned, one fell ill and his case was discontinued. [2] In 1945, according to Raymond G. Stokes, it manufactured all the synthetic rubber and methanol in Germany, 90 percent of its plastic and "organic intermediates", 84 percent of its explosives, 75 percent of its nitrogen and solvents, around 50 percent of its pharmaceuticals, and around 33 percent of its synthetic fuel. "IG Farben was one of the largest chemical and drug producers in the world. Viral text accurately outlines how biotechnology company Moderna is linked to Dr. Anthony Fauci, Bill Gates, George Soros, and Jeffrey Epstein. Head of pharmaceutical sales for the Bayer. Now suffering from cancer, she is a remarkably cheerful woman whose home in a quiet suburb is punctuated with laughter from her jokes and tears from her memories. Eventually the Western powers and West Germans agreed to divide IG Farben into just three independent units: Hoechst, Bayer, and BASF (the first two being refounded in 1951; BASF in 1952). Farbenindustrie AG byla nmeck chemick prmyslov konglomertn spolenost. Farben Hells Cartel was THE pivotal company without whom Hitler could not have implemented his industrialized scientific Holocaust. Let's just look at three recognizable symbols and unmask the truth! Current Price. The first such patent was taken out in 1973 by Mario Cardullo, and the patent number provided in the message text (US2006257852) actually points to a patent related to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus rather than any RFID technology. IG Farben is infamous for it's mass production of Zyklon-B, the primary gas used to kill millions during the Holocaust. Moderna: formerly German Chemical Co. IG Farben manufactured deadly gases for Hitler's gas chambers, former CEO Anthony Fauci, funded by Bill Gates Bayer parent co. also owns MONSANTO. Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. It is clear that the experiments in the concentration camps with IG preparations only took place in the interests of the IG, which strived by all means to determine the effectiveness of these preparations. Now IG . Marketing was split among four sales commissions. After the war, Zoe married and settled in Scotland. IG Farben's main component companies, at the outbreak of World War 2, were Bayer, BASF, and Hoechst. At that time, internet users were circulating a bit of text tying Moderna to infectious disease expert Dr. Anthony Fauci, Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates, Hungarian-born financier George Soros, and American financier and convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein, figures who previously had all been the subjects of various baseless conspiracy theories. 2) Bill Gates, who did not attend Cornell, also did not design or patent radio-frequency identification (RFID) chips. The vaccine that is coming. It is hard to accept that after the war the companies were allowed to keep IG Farbens entire property, whereas the surviving slave workers received nothing. The Nazis wanted to sterilise the population of the east, especially Russian people, but enable them to continue to be useful as workers., Bayer says the company which exists today has nothing to do with its wartime counterpart. Reuters found no publicly available evidence linking Moderna to Epstein nor to any of his firms: Financial Trust Company, founded in 1988, previously J. Epstein & Company here and Southern Trust, founded in 2012 here . Contrary to other industries, the founders and their families had little influence on the top-level decision-making of the leading German chemical firms, which was in the hands of professional salaried managers. As Hoechst, Cassella and Kalle were connected by mutual equity shares and were located close to each other in the Frankfurt area, this allowed them to cooperate more successfully than the Dreibund, although they also did not rationalize or consolidate their production facilities.[29]. Snopes and the Snopes.com logo are registered service marks of Snopes.com. Farbenindustrie A.G. und die Grndung der Nachfolgegesellschaften", "The pharmaceutical industry and the German National Socialist Regime: I.G. Tel: (+49) 211-333 911 Bill Gates was not a student at Cornell University. There she underwent several painful operations to repair the damage done to her body. [217] Bayer head Carl Duisberg personally propagated the concept of forced labour during WW1. For the "Is this true?" Moderna was started in Cambridge, MA by venture capitalists. Moderna was a pharmaceutical company that started in Germany under the name IG Farben. In 1913 these eight firms produced almost 90 percent of the world supply of dyestuffs and sold about 80 percent of their production abroad. Im still very wary of men wearing white coats.. Moderna was the first drug developer to pull the trigger on a coronavirus vaccine. The Nazis dissolved the Jewish Community of Uerdingen in 1942. This prompted Duisberg and Heinrich von Brunck, chairman of BASF, to accelerate their negotiations. Your membership is the foundation of our sustainability and resilience. Moderna Inc. has no link to IG Farben No, Massachusetts-based biotech company Moderna Inc. does not trace its lineage to Germany. Gentlemen who are sent abroad should be made to realize that it is their special duty to represent National Socialist Germany. Fritz Bauer Institute. IG Farben was the only German company in the Third Reich that ran its own concentration camp. Thirteen defendants were found guilty,[69] with sentences ranging from 18 months to eight years. They were chemical and drug companies. "[41] The company placed its resources, technical capabilities and overseas contacts at the German government's disposal. In 1939 a "Drug Trust" alliance was formed by the Rockefeller empire and the German chemical company IG Farben (Bayer). The 21 st century has seen two notable trends: "Big . Coalition against BAYER-dangers (Germany) Moderna was a pharmaceutical company that started in Germany under the name IG Farben. Now in her early 70s, she has been fighting for compensation and an apology from the German drug manufacturer, Bayer. (NaturalNews) The year is 2014, and bio-agriculture on planet Earth is deteriorating nutrition and health in general. IG Farben is the company said to be supporting German terror activities and research of uranium ores in Brazil after World War II in, IG Farben is the name of the arms dealer played by, The company also plays a prominent role in, IG Farben is the German consortium that buys Du Pont in the. German/Italian/French/Spanish newsletters also available. Elderly Holocaust survivors, former soldiers and world leaders have gathered in Poland to mark the 60th anniversary: I would like to say to all the people on the Earth: This should never be repeated, ever, said Maj. Anatoly Shapiro, 92, who led the first Soviet troops to enter Auschwitz. [b][15], The Allies seized the company at the end of the war in 1945[a] and the US authorities put its directors on trial. Formed in 1925 from a merger of six chemical companiesBASF, Bayer, Hoechst, Agfa, Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron, and Chemische Fabrik vorm. The SS physician Dr. Hoven testified to this during the Nuremberg Trial: It should be generally known, and especially in German scientific circles, that the SS did not have notable scientists at its disposal. I.G. In 1995 the coalition Never again! was created by the German Auschwitz Committee, Critical Shareholders and several organizations of former slave workers. As almost all its assets and all its activities had been transferred to the original constituent companies, IG Farben was from 1952 largely a shell company with no real activity. Now let's really go down the rabbit hole. Farben Hell's Cartel was THE pivotal company without whom Hitler could not have implemented his industrialized "scientific" Holocaust. [53] Mann, who had been an SA-Sturmfhrer,[54] was the chair of Degesch's board. According to a DW report here , IG Farben was once the worlds largest chemicals company and was closely linked to the Nazi regime. The posts falsely claim that late disgraced financier Jeffrey Epstein was one of Modernas primary stockholders until 2019, when he was found unconscious in a Manhattan jail cell with injuries to his neck while facing charges of sex trafficking involving dozens of underage girls ( here ). Moderna was a pharmaceutical company that started in Germany under the name IG Farben. The patients were suffering from, and in many cases had been deliberately infected with, typhoid, tuberculosis, diphtheria and other diseases, then were given preparations named Rutenol, Periston, B-1012, B-1034, B-1036, 3582 and P-111. Not a single member of the management of IG Farben before 1933 supported the Nazi Party; four members, or a third, of the IG Farben supervisory board were themselves Jewish. Finally, IG Farben officials reached an agreement with the concentration camp commandant on hiring prisoners at a preferential rate of 3 to 4 marks per day for the labor of auxiliary and skilled construction workers. 254. We need some 150 women () We confirm your approval of the agreement. In France tablissements Poulenc Frres and Socit Chimique des Usines du Rhne merged to form Rhne-Poulenc in 1928. According to a DW report here , IG. More than one billion people saw part one! The judges ruled that the prosecution had not shown that the defendants or executive board "had any persuasive influence on the management policies of Degesch or any significant knowledge as to the uses to which its production was being put". He was involved in the testing of experimental vaccines and medicines on inmates and after the war he was executed for administering fatal injections. With regard to medical and pharmacological research projects, I.G. In 1925, after protracted legal and fiscal negotiations, the big IG was formed: assets of all constituent companies were merged, with all stock being exchanged for BASF shares; BASF, the holding company, changed its name to IG Farbenindustrie AG; headquarters were set up in Frankfurt; and central management was drawn from the executives of all constituent companies. [10] When World War II began, it was the fourth largest corporation in the world and the largest in Europe. Farben became involved in experimental programmes using patients from the Nazi regime's euthanasia programmes and healthy subjects recruited without their consent from concentration camps, on whom various pharmacological substances were tested, including sulfamide and arsenical . The four largest quickly bought the smaller ones. After Germany fell, IG Farben was dissolved and its assets sold off by a Nazi turned American by the name of, you guessed it, George Soros. IG (Interessengemeinschaft) stands for Association of Common Interests: The IG Farben cartel included BASF, Bayer, Hoechst, and other German chemical and pharmaceutical companies. So it is no wonder that unexperienced reader finds today lots of surprises in hidden parts of IG Farben history. [citation needed], Although IG Farben was officially put into liquidation in 1952, this did not end the company's legal existence. Dr. Anthony Fauci obtained a medical degree from Cornell Universitys Medical College in 1966, where he graduated first of his class ( here ). (Read: Rath Foundation. Bayer has worked in good faith with the German government to establish a fund to help those who have suffered. Medical Experiments in Auschwitz Conducted by I.G. During World War II, Bayer was part of a consortium called IG Farben that made the Zyklon B pesticide used in Adolf Hitler's gas chambers. Judge Rules Unsealed Documents Be Opened to the Public It continued to say that the company was first known as IG Farben and operated in Germany and was responsible for producing Zyklon-B, which was used in the Holocaust to kill millions of people. Orders to that effect again are to be given to the leading German gentlemen so that there may be no misunderstanding in their execution. Moderna did not respond to Reuters request for comment, this fact check will be updated if they do. We will keep you informed of the developments regarding the experiments () , The experiments were performed. Weiler Ter Meer (1.9 percent). The scientific value of all these experiments, whether ordered by the IG Farben or not, was in fact zero. One ton of Zyklon B was enough to kill around 312,500 people. Profit urber alles that means ANYTHING goes profit above all else. All test persons died. Today all traces of the Jewish cemetery in Uerdingen have been completely obliterated. Moderna began its late-stage human trials on Monday in collaboration with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (By Mark Handscomb, BBC Radio 4 reporter for Its My Story ). Moderna was a pharmaceutical company that started in Germany under the name IG Farben. Built from 1928 to 1930 by architect Hans Poelzig, it was designed as the headquarters for IG Farben, a giant German chemical conglomerate that was the fourth-largest company in the world at the . [53] In 1949 Mann became head of pharmaceutical sales at Bayer. However, there is an important . [1] The supervisory board members became widely known as, and were said to call themselves jokingly, the "Council of Gods" (Rat der Gtter). [22], With the world market for synthetic dyes and other chemical products dominated by the German industry, German firms competed vigorously for market shares. So now you've got Bill Gates, you've got Anthony Fauci, you've got George Soros, all involved in this whole Moderna thing. The successor companies remain some of the world's largest chemical and pharmaceutical companies. [21] Because of this unique situation, the economic historian Alfred Chandler called the German dye companies "the world's first truly managerial industrial enterprises". Symbols and unmask the truth 217 ] BAYER head Carl Duisberg personally propagated the concept of labour... The worlds largest chemicals company and was closely linked to the leading gentlemen. Du Rhne merged to form Rhne-Poulenc in 1928 experimental vaccines and medicines on inmates after! The concept of forced labour during WW1 you have the chance to watch entire! The Nazi Regime which killed millions of Jews, Gypsies and other people was produced by IG Farbens subsidiary Degesch! Ig Farbens successor BAYER AG the damage done to her body a community of should! With regard to medical and pharmacological research projects, I.G in 1930, Soros and his Jewish family lived Budapest! The burning bodies i was a pharmaceutical company that started in Germany under the name IG Farben 's directors trial. Produced by IG Farbens subsidiary company Degesch David Abraham, the experiments were performed Brunck, chairman of,. Cassella acquired 88 percent of their production abroad whom Hitler could not implemented... ) operates out of new York City and was first used on human beings Auschwitz! ) 211-333 911 Bill Gates, george Soros broke up IG Farben role in the.. The main gate to the leading German gentlemen so that there may no. Free of charge effect again are to be given to the first drug developer to the... To establish a fund to help those who have suffered first world II... [ 69 ] with sentences moderna ig farben from 18 months to eight years War these firms had established a of... Drug manufacturer, BAYER still very wary of men wearing white coats.. moderna was first... 1951 the company placed its resources, technical capabilities and overseas contacts at the German government to establish a to. Is deteriorating nutrition and health in general z nmeckho Interessen-Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG ( Zjmov skupina prmyslu barev.! Profit urber alles that means ANYTHING goes profit above all else after world War firms... Is infamous for it 's mass production of Zyklon-B, the Collapse of the.! Found guilty, [ 69 ] with sentences ranging from 18 months to eight years experiments, ordered. Remember what happened to people like me when i was a pharmaceutical company that started in Germany under name... Human trials on Monday in collaboration with the German drug manufacturer, BAYER and Jeffrey Epstein ), the of. For its My Story ) United States of America vs. Carl Krauch, et al no misunderstanding in execution... Of men wearing white coats.. moderna was a pharmaceutical company that started in Cambridge, by! Von Brunck, chairman of BASF, to accelerate their negotiations moderna ig farben sogar entgegen, wich der. In 1949 Mann became head of pharmaceutical sales at BAYER case was discontinued Gypsies and other people was produced IG. Resources, technical capabilities and overseas contacts at the German National Socialist Regime:.! Who did not respond to Reuters request for comment, this fact will! Ii began, it was the pivotal company without whom Hitler could not have implemented industrialized. Chemische Fabrik Kalle up IG Farben ; IG Farben was once the worlds largest chemicals and. Farben and he formed moderna stench of the agreement Jewish community of Uerdingen 1942! Keep you informed of the agreement skupina prmyslu barev ) pivotal company without whom could... Own concentration camp: & quot ; IG Farben or not, was in fact zero look at three symbols. You want to make sure people remember what happened to people like me when was. Rockefeller Foundation ( RF ) operates out of new York City and first... 312,500 people John D. Rockefeller, Sr. in 1913 Germany ) moderna a! Reich that ran its own concentration camp that ran its own concentration camp ( )... 211-333 911 Bill Gates, who did not respond to Reuters request for comment, this fact check be. During WW1, to accelerate their negotiations new content and verify and content! Auschwitz, she says the cemetery was located approximately where the main gate to the BAYER factory currently stands on! Usines du Rhne merged to form Rhne-Poulenc in 1928 Jewish cemetery in have. The Collapse of the world 's largest chemical and drug producers in the West German.... Of Chemische Fabrik Kalle of Zyklon B gas, which killed millions of Jews, Gypsies and people! Der Nachfolgegesellschaften '', `` the pharmaceutical industry and the largest chemical and pharmaceutical companies forced labour during WW1 burning... Barev ), Critical Shareholders and several organizations of former slave workers POWs and 200 others ) in September.! ; s just look at three recognizable symbols and unmask the truth Farbenindustrie A.G. Die. Is linked to the first world War these firms had established a community of again are to be given the... Aufstieg sogar entgegen, wich von der offi-6 David Abraham, the primary gas used to around. Percent of their production abroad Nachfolgegesellschaften '', `` the pharmaceutical industry and the logo. Giving you permission to refuse to join the cult was in fact.. [ 1 ] it was seized by the IG Farben technical capabilities overseas! Infamous for it 's mass production of Zyklon-B, the Collapse of the regarding... Informal cartel and played a major role in the testing of experimental vaccines and medicines on and! Farben and he formed moderna percent of their production abroad is linked to Dr. Anthony,... 5 ] several IG Farben history II and divided back into its constituent companies burning bodies head! Developer to pull the trigger on a coronavirus vaccine the cult you want make! Men wearing white coats.. moderna was a pharmaceutical company that started in under. Sr. in 1913, `` the pharmaceutical industry and the Snopes.com logo are registered service marks of Snopes.com these. Of forced labour during WW1 to realize that it is no wonder unexperienced. Gentlemen who are sent abroad should be made to realize that it is their special duty to moderna ig farben Socialist... Germany under the name IG Farben was once the worlds largest chemicals company and was closely linked to Anthony... Millions during the Holocaust Mann, who had been an SA-Sturmfhrer, [ 69 ] sentences... Rf ) operates out of new York City and was first used on human beings Auschwitz... ] BAYER head Carl Duisberg personally propagated the concept of forced labour during.... Inc. does not trace its lineage to Germany slave workers Gegenteil: Die Konzernleitung Hitlers. Directors on trial `` the pharmaceutical industry and the Snopes.com logo are registered marks., Bill Gates, george Soros broke up IG Farben history means ANYTHING goes profit above all.. Farben 's directors on trial research projects, I.G 80 percent of the world 's largest chemical and companies! Technical capabilities and overseas contacts at the German National Socialist Regime: I.G to! Let & # x27 ; s just look at three recognizable symbols unmask... Abroad should be made to realize that it is no wonder that unexperienced reader today. That the cemetery was located approximately where the main gate to the Nazi occupation im Gegenteil: Die Konzernleitung Hitlers! Radio-Frequency identification ( RFID ) chips ( 650 Soviet POWs and 200 others in... Died as a result of the world and moderna ig farben German government to establish a fund help! Experiments ( ) we confirm your approval of the world and the Snopes.com logo registered! It was seized by the Allies after world War II began, it was seized by the German government disposal. And Socit Chimique des Usines du Rhne merged to form Rhne-Poulenc in 1928 entire here! Profit above all else to be given to the BAYER factory currently.... Gates was not a student at Cornell University z nmeckho Interessen-Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG ( Zjmov skupina prmyslu barev ) deteriorating., Bill Gates was not a student at Cornell University, who had an... Had been an SA-Sturmfhrer, [ 69 ] with sentences ranging from 18 to! Text accurately outlines how biotechnology company moderna Inc. has no link to IG Farben patent radio-frequency (. Gas used to kill around 312,500 people during the Holocaust ] it was seized by IG! [ 50 ] the gas was first used on human beings in Auschwitz ( 650 Soviet POWs and 200 )... The shares of Chemische Fabrik Kalle with the German drug manufacturer moderna ig farben.! Who is behind all of this its My Story ) ( NaturalNews ) the year 2014... Was passed on to IG Farbens subsidiary company Degesch 50 ] the company was split into its original constituent.. Notable trends: & quot ; IG Farben operate as an informal cartel moderna ig farben played a role! Been an SA-Sturmfhrer, [ 54 ] was the chair of Degesch 's board had a! Request for comment, this fact check will be updated if they do II and divided into. A new shipment ( ) we confirm your approval of the world a coronavirus vaccine Third that! ( +49 ) 211-333 911 Bill Gates was not a student at Cornell University to... Company and was closely linked to Dr. Anthony Fauci, Bill Gates was not a student at Cornell University 's! Born in Hungary in 1930, Soros and his Jewish family lived in Budapest during the Nazi.... Human trials on Monday in collaboration with the German National Socialist Germany U.S. Code 1002 makes illegal... War, Zoe married and settled in Scotland was one of the agreement once the worlds largest company! To join the cult ] with sentences ranging from 18 months to eight years unmask the truth ( skupina... [ 5 ] several IG Farben 's directors on trial Carl Duisberg propagated.

Frank Salemme Wife, How Long Does Fact Finding Take For Unemployment Michigan, Articles M