The cognitive-perceptual component. When someone tickles you, you laugh and smile, but you also make a face expressing discomfort at the same time. The same ad run in a moderately conservative country like India would put the brand in a . More about the theory: Expectancy Violations They now look silly but you have had it pointed out to you that abstract knowledge is insufficient in this sense. It was found that those within the high sense of humor category appraised relatively lower amounts of stress and anxiety. A comprehensive look at how children are impacted by the experience of humor is described by Hogan (2003), who noted that humor benefits children in terms of enhanced social bonding, stress relief, and pain coping. For this reason, many famous quotes have been penned about the benefits of humor, such as: The human race has one really effective weapon, and that is laughter. One of simplest forms of humor in young children can be found when they actively do something contrary to expectation or norm. Its not like a piece of music. Experimental comparison of the psychological benefits of aerobic exercise, humor, and music. It means 'knowledge of the senses', things as they simply are without the filter of human 'reason'. They offer to 'cool you down' and you agree. The predictive nature of humor, authoritative parenting style, and academic achievement on indices of initial adjustment and commitment to college among college freshmen. Firstly, relief theory argues that the act of laughing helps individuals to "subconsciously overcome inhibitions". Examining the impact of a brief humor exercise on psychological wellbeing. Because this obvious fact about humor shows how much, cognitively speaking, is required of us when we experience and enjoy humor. The whole joke is layered with absurdities. (2002). In M. W. Gallagher & S. J. Lopez (Eds.). Humor, stress, and coping strategies. And so, with laughter and love, we lived happily ever after. Think about whats required for you to get a joke. The impact of humor on stress also was investigated in a medical study using humor as a complementary therapy among cancer patients (Bennett, Zeller, Rosenberg, & McCann, 2003). Before you continue reading, we thought you might like to download our three Grief Exercises [PDF] for free. Philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle have been trying to explain humor since ancient times. a) Resolution makes the original incongruity no longer incongruous. Vaughan, J., Zeigler-Hill, V., & Arnau, R. C. (2014). I went to buy some camouflage pants the other day but I couldnt find any. We laugh because we are surprised or because something seems to be out of place. Perhaps you fancy some jumbo shrimp? By Steve Buissinne, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. When we are shown it is inadequate, we feel we can relax our reliance on it. Inside of a dog its too dark to read. If you want to find humor, look for ways that things dont seem to fit together. For example, among physicians who do the exceedingly difficult work of treating cancer patients, humor has been reported as beneficial for patients, doctors, and relationships between the two (Joshua, Cotroneo, & Clarke, 2005). But before we move on to critiques, lets explore some other facts about humor that support the notion that humor is a cognitive act that requires some form of perceived incongruity. Outside of a dog, a book is mans best friend. The dominant theory of humor is the Incongruity Theory (Morreall, 2016). These science-based tools will help you move yourself or others through grief in a compassionate way. But then the coda of the joke, in attempting to explain the answer muddies the conceptual space. Some of the most famous artists of the twentieth century, including Marcel Duchamp with his 1912 Nude Descending a Staircase, No. A child with a well-developed sense of humor has been described as becoming a joy tracker or humor spotter in everyday life a point of view that will be carried into adulthood (Franzini, 2002, p. 11). Along the same lines . Thank . Higueras, A., Carretero-Dios, H., Muoz, J., Idini, E., Ortiz, A., Rincn, F., Rodrguez del guila, M. (2006) Effects of a humor-centered activity on disruptive behavior in patients in a general hospital psychiatric ward. Schulman-Green, D. (2003). Superiority, relief, and incongruity theories of humor are unified under . Hi Heather, thank you for the insight and information. 2, surprised and amused (and sometimes offended) the public by breaking with the expectation that an artist's job was to . In other words, laughter is a function of anticipating a different outcome than what was expected. Contributions of humor as perceived by the terminally ill. Hickman, G., & Crossland, G. (2004). . Self-esteem instability and humor styles: Does the stability of self-esteem influence how people use humor? My son used to change the last word of the first line of the famous Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star rhyme. High comedy this isnt; its barely qualifies as a joke. Here are a few examples: Whenever I feel the need to exercise, I lie down until it goes away. They ignore this fact and so foolishly use one as the other. It is a combination of all three concepts that attempts to fully encapsulate the complex subject of racial comedy. This is witwhere a joker starts out with two pieces of sensuous knowledge and intentionally groups them under one piece of abstract knowledge, as they are aware it is only our human ideas that prevent our words for items in fact relating to lots of different similar things. The effect of humorous movies on inpatients with chronic schizophrenia. Incongruity Theory Incongruity theory says that humor arises from the perception of something incongruous; i.e. I am free of all prejudice. The humor students bring to the classroom is also essential. . The researchers found reductions in anger, anxiety, psychopathology, and depression among participants (Gelkopf, Gonen, Kurs, Melamed, & Bleich, 2006). Its also one of the reasons that humor doesnt usually cross cultures. Hopefully this tour has shown how and why IT is the leading candidate for explaining humor perception. #2: The Incongruity and Incongruity-Resolution Theories One of the oldest andmost developed theories of humor adopted by Kant, refined by Schopenhauer is, roughly,that humor happens. Audiences arent sure if theyre supposed to laugh (here an indicator of humor) or not. Some key takeaways are as follows: Doable techniques for adding more humor to ones life, meaningful quotes, useful books, and resources from PositivePsychology.com are also included. In this chapter well cover the incongruity theory. You tell your friend to 'Look up the answer'. With this collection of information, it is the hope that readers will better understand humor and its many benefits, while maybe even enjoying a few chuckles along the way. While more research is sorely needed, extant literature suggests that humor may have many benefits among patients, such as enhanced immunity and positive emotions, improved interpersonal relationships, reduced pain, and increased positive emotions (Gelkopf, 2011). However, it is safe to say that IT is accepted by most researchers as the most accurate and likely true approach to explaining humor. We will be focusing on understanding it in this article. As this report's scope of research has been set to be with academic theories published between 2016 and 2020, the absence of widely accepted communication theories between those years was quite obvious. For example, among college students enrolled in language courses, 72% noted that humor enhanced their interest in the subject matter, 82% reported that the instructors use of humor made them more approachable, and 82% indicated that humor created an environment more conducive to learning (Askildson, 2005). One of the best ways to think about the objection is to wonder how we know the difference between funny ha-ha and funny strange. If I am walking in my home at night and hear an unexpected sound, or if I start my car and the engine doesnt sound as it normally does, I am likely to find that strange and not an occasion for humor. The second theory described by Martin and Ford (2018) is the superiority theory, which focuses on interpersonal motivational mechanisms, with humor resulting as a function of self-esteem enhancement. The child will continue playing with that rhyme substituting words here and there both with others and by themselves. Since we know humor represents an essential strength with all sorts of excellent benefits, it is in our best interest to maximize it as much as possible. Three main theories have been proposed to explain the psychophysiological impact of humor: 1) incongruity theory, 2) superiority theory, and 3) arousal theory. "Irony is the . For more information, visit http://journals.cambridge.org. Chapter 2 - Incongruity Theory . As with other forms of illness, it is logical to propose that humor enhances coping among individuals dealing with mental health issues. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. There are problems with it, as there are with all theories. Klein, D., & Kuiper, N. (2006). Meaningful quotes and additional resources are also included, along with a bit of humor sprinkled throughout. It has long been believed that humor and laughter play an important role in the maintenance of both psychological and physiological health and wellbeing in the face of stress (Lefcourt & Martin, 1986). Among humans, laughter begins as early as four months of age (Lovorn, 2008). So now that you understand the basics of incongruity theory, there is just one final part for you to understanddon't worry, we're almost there! Good comedy works to create expectations and them frustrate or play with them in such ways as to get the audience to find something funny or humorous. The IT is still the best working theory out there that has general acceptance. The first theory is the superiority theory. The incongruity theory purports to define the for-mal object of comic amusement, which it locates in certain kinds of incongruity. There are five different theories that categorize the different reasons why find things humorous. They never seem to tire of it. For example, "hot poet" is funnier than "happy child" and "money and sex" is funnier than "love and sex" [7,8]. Cooper, C. (2008). A beautiful piece of sculpture or statuary can do the same. There are three main concepts that guide this research; relief theory, incongruity theory, and superiority theory. Even if one is familiar with the lightbulb form of joke, this particular one works because the answer supplied is a non-answer. In the first part, we learn the various theories of humor, and learn that the author favors Incongruity Theory (i.e. Abstract knowledge refers to the way we understand things through our human filtersour words for things in the world and the categories we assign them into. The linguistics of humor is more generally concerned with incongruity theories as they describe the cognitive mechanisms that cause humor. Incongruity theory is believed to be the most influential humor theory, with some proposing that incongruity is at the core of all humor (Zhan, 2012, p. 95). Theories of the psychophysiological benefits of humor. Incongruity is something that occurs when things are not in harmony or keeping with the surroundings of other aspects of something. They are reviewed along with neurolinguistic approaches, evolutionary theories of humor and a few mixed and partial theories that have been presented. The superiority theory is concerned with the affective response Relations of humor with perceptions of stress. Your friend has started out with two pieces of sensuous knowledgea medium brush we use for toilets and a small one we use for teethand intentionally grouped them both under the abstract knowledge of 'toothbrush'. Theres nothing more to get than the fact that its absurd. I hate everyone equally. You reply with "Why, am I marrying her?" I'd be very surprised.". Today's humor research draws on elements of these primary theories and remixes them. This seems fairto think about something as a human is to have a certain understanding or perception of that thing. In previous studies, most researchers used two-element jokes (setup and punch line) as stimuli, based on experimental methods, to explore the humor process. New York: Coward McCann, 1941. You and your friend are at a bar one summer and your friend has a paper fan. Adaptive humor is linked with increased stable positive mood and decreased stable negative mood (Cann & Collette, 2014). searching for some most common kind of humor. Positive psychologists have a keen interest in the role of character strengths, which have been described as virtues that are crucial to human thriving (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Once again, something funnysomething incongruousmakes clear to us the difference between the world as it really, simply is and how we perceive it. This example also helps us to see the unexpected nature of the incongruous. If we didnt use humor, wed cry: Humorous coping communication in health care settings. Farber (2007) has asserted that this theory was used since the times of Plato and Aristotle, and that it provides a revealing but narrow view in relation to the application of humor in literature (2007, p.72). The right side is exactly the same as the left, especially the left. For example, even if well-documented evidence could be collected to show that people with a sense of humor live longer, it might be that they have a sense of humor because they are healthy and things are going well. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions The presentation of the sign primes us to think the store is owned, not by an Asian man, but a black person of color. This was a great help . Your perception only relates to part of the objectone of its possible uses. Among nurses, humor has been related to lower emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, increased personal accomplishment (Talbot & Lumden, 2000), as well as greater coping efficacy and emotional expressivity (Wanzer, Booth-Butterfield, & Booth-Butterfield, 2005). This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. But the incongruity theory says that our perceptions of things in the real world only ever relate to part of that thing- they are incomplete. So far, youve read about some other attempts to explain the cognitive/mental processes behind the phenomenon of humor. More traditional comedians with their exaggerated gesticulations or bombastic/exaggerated vocal inflections help the audience understand that what is going on is supposed to be funny and then allows us to experience the incongruity as funny. You're the one saying it, not the toilet brush. however, humor seems to be more prevalent in post-modern literature. Here are 10 examples: As humor represents an important aspect of positive psychology, here at PositivePsychology.com, we have described several ways in which humor contributes to positive wellbeing. The effect of mirthful laughter on stress and natural killer cell activity. Often people are encouraged to do so if they want to increase the presence of humor in their lives. Instead, laughter occurs in response to unexpected punchlines or those that go against usual patterns (Wilkins & Eisenbraun, 2009). An example of this is "Yo mama" jokes where each contestant tries to put down the other contestant's mother. Bach can please someone with no knowledge of classical music or instruments. In general, all other things being equal, if theres no reason to worry about the incongruity, then laugh. Participants were categorized into either high or low sense of humor groups. Here we share defense mechanism worksheets as tools for practitioners. Abel, M. H. (2002). Not only does humor have the ability to make school more enjoyable, but it is beneficial in various meaningful ways. As is widely known, theories of humour are traditionally divided in three branches: (1) Theories of incongruity, or inconsistency, or contradiction, or bisociation. Low, L., Goodenough, B., Fletcher, J., Xu, K., Casey, A., Chenoweth, L., Brodaty, H. (2014). Additionally, humor may represent a vital strength during middle childhood by helping kids to gain the support of a peer group and by enhancing self-esteem (Klein & Kuiper, 2006). HubPages is a registered trademark of The Arena Platform, Inc. Other product and company names shown may be trademarks of their respective owners. This story is based off his life and the comedic events he experienced as a child. Wit and folly simply allow us to account for the two different types of humour this theory allows us to model. You understand it better but the frog dies in the process. The incongruity is to be found in comparing the feeling one has at the end of the joke analysis to death. A sense of humor is associated with increased life satisfaction and a pleasurable and engaged life (Ruch, Proyer, & Weber, 2010). But within me finding it funnier with each exposure, opens an avenue of critique for IT. That we see areas of the brain involved in higher level cognition and conceptual thought involved in humor behavior supports ITs claim that humor is a conceptually based activity that involve incongruity processing. Along with helping to promote resilience and cope with stress and illness, humor also serves as an invaluable strength associated with various indices of psychological wellbeing, work-related benefits, learning, and creativity. congruity theory is satisfactory, but I believe it is more satisfactory than previous versions and deserves to be considered in this stronger form. for an online course and found your article really helpful.Would love to hear your thoughts on current humour in the present climate of political correctness ,cancel culture,snowflakes,fear of giving /receiving offence etc? In this instance, a person starts out with a piece of abstract knowledge and unknowingly connects it to two pieces of sensuous knowledge. In order to get the joke you resolve the incongruity its perfectly sensible. Incongruity can mean "lack of harmony" or "dissonance." That doesn't sound really funny. Semantic Mechanisms of Humor. IT is often the starting point for much research into the other disciplines beyond philosophy/psychology/cognitive science. This concise guide has three parts. Hydraulic Model. Analysis of any joke or bit of humor generally, if not nearly always, makes the jokes not funny. For example, when you look at a toilet brush, you view it through the filter of the human mind and view this item as only a toilet brush. The image is made to be jarring, to pair together images that dont work together in any typical fashion. MesmerMagnus, J., Glew, D., & Viswesvaran, C. (2012). One of these theories is incongruity theory (the other two are known as relief theory and superiority theory). This isnt to say that those forms of art are not complex, its just to highlight that humor is of a different sort of experience; one that requires knowledge, expectation, and belief to typically be experienced as such. Similarly, MesmerMagnus, Glew, and Viswesvaran (2012) conducted a meta-analysis of 49 studies focusing on the impact of humor in the workplace. Two pieces of sensuous knowledgeto have a fan used on you and to have a drink poured over you- are brought under the single piece of abstract knowledge, 'to be cooled down'. Mathieu, S. (2008). Having the ability to appreciate and comprehend humor is an interesting aspect of human behavior, and the trait is considered an attribute unique to human beings (Nahemow, 1986).Suls (1972) proposed incongruity-resolution theory and suggested that the cognitive processing aspects of a . This theory is intuitive, as a joke with an expected or obvious punchline is simply not funny. Laughter is also a pleasant sensation and so when we experience the pleasure of incongruity, we- as Schopenhauer puts it- "give ourselves up gladly to the spasmodic convulsions which this apprehension [understanding] excites. We feel good, laughter feels good and so we laugh. If you were to wonder why that person had left it there and your friend were to joke 'Maybe it's their toothbrush,' this would be a witticism. The same effect would occur if you saw someone cleaning a toilet with a toothbrush. A quote from E.B. In the first chapter, I summarize historical and contemporary theories, and show how each either 1) fails to give any definition of humor, 2) fails as a theory of humor, and/or 3) underappreciates, dismisses, (2012). The BVT specifies how psychological distance plays a central role in determining whether a . The role of coping humor in the physical and mental health of older adults. Before we launch into more analysis of the humor examples, particularly jokes, a warning is needed. This article will provide readers with an abundance of information regarding the theoretical foundations of humor within the field of psychology, as well as empirical studies linking humor to various favorable outcomes. (I know, the Whites frog has now totally expired) If you count them up, there are a number of incongruities in play here. For example, among physicians who work with dying patients, humor has been reported as one of eight coping mechanisms used to handle the extreme stress involved in doing this type of work (Schulman-Green, 2003). There have been a number of attempts to solve this issue with IT and they largely make use of play to circumvent the problem. The incongruity theory of humor suggests that we find fundamentally incompatible concepts or unexpected resolutions funny. Whether you find the sly response of the joker in setting up the listener to make a silly owl noise, or the taking advantage of the form of the knock-knock joke to force the listener into the silliness, incongruity is at work here through and through. humor is - first and foremost - a recognition of and response to incongruities.) By filling out your name and email address below. For example, when you expect a certain event outcome, but then something entirely different happens. The answer is in a real sense spot on. Talbot, L., & Lumden, D. (2000). Children have reported such benefits, noting that humor increases their ability to cope with stressors associated with relationships, school-related activities, and life at home (Dowling, 2014). Perhaps the best way to demonstrate the bizarre or absurd is with the following joke. To understand this theory, the first thing you need to understand is what Schopenhaeur calls 'the ludicrous' which for all intents and purposes means 'the humorous'. Humor typically requires more of a shared cultural and cognitive background than other forms of entertainment. I hope thats not the case below, but youll likely find the jokes less funny for the analysis. When people write jokes, or develop humor, they find ways to play with the concepts, but not so much as make the incongruities completely nonsensical. I shall begin, however, with a sketchy review of some of the main theories of humour and the standard objections to them, which usually take the form of providing counter-examples. If youre not an English speaker knock-knock jokes will go over your head. In another study examining the effectiveness of humor among individuals with mental illness, a humor-based activity involving clowns (i.e., the therapeutic clown approach) was implemented among psychiatric ward inpatients. Relief Theory. That is why, although the Incongruity Theory freed humor from the traditional stigma of being anti-social, it has not . This explains why humor is found more in times of leisure and play than anywhere else. One of the more serious objections is that incongruity has nothing to do with anything in humor. I encourage you to try it, if only to raise the amount of humor in your life. You are revising for a test with a friend. More specifically, the muscular and respiratory processes involved in laugher serve the important role of releasing pent-up nervous energy (Martin & Ford, 2018). For example, in a famous scene on the Mary Tyler Moore Show, Mary is distressed by the death of Chuckles the Clown, who, while dressed as a peanut, was killed by an elephant in a circus parade. Understanding humor based on the incongruity theory and the cooperative principle. It surely has some and we will briefly cover those next. Hopefully you followed that. Architectural tradition dictated that such a building be laid out formally and symmetrically along an axis connecting opposite entrances. There are a number of elements here that speak in support of IT. , Zeigler-Hill, V., & Viswesvaran, C. ( 2012 ) processes... Cognitive background than other forms of illness, it has not requires more of a shared cultural and background! In young children can be found in comparing the feeling one has at the same this story is off! Cell activity century, including Marcel Duchamp with his 1912 Nude Descending a Staircase, no to pieces... Other forms of entertainment your head story is based off his life the! Tools will help you move yourself or others through Grief in a real sense spot on laughter occurs response... Camouflage pants the other his life and the cooperative principle suggests that we find fundamentally concepts! Freed humor from the perception of that thing with neurolinguistic approaches, evolutionary of., G. ( 2004 ) smile, but youll likely find the jokes less funny for the insight and.! Fairto think about the objection is to wonder how we know the difference between funny and! Intuitive, as a child relates to part of the objectone of its possible uses have certain! Theory ( Morreall, 2016 ) children can be found when they actively do something contrary to or! Theory ( i.e for example, when you expect a certain event outcome, but youll likely find jokes... V., & Kuiper, N. ( 2006 ) not an English speaker knock-knock jokes will go over head... To think about whats required for incongruity theory of humor examples to try it, not the toilet brush of abstract and... We can relax our reliance on it or because something seems to be considered this. Joke with an expected or obvious punchline is simply not funny the one saying it as. Offer to 'cool you down ' and you agree so, with laughter and love we... Morreall, 2016 ) longer incongruous which it locates in certain kinds incongruity. Her? behind the phenomenon of humor category appraised relatively lower amounts of stress and natural killer activity! Hope thats not the toilet brush is beneficial in various meaningful ways unexpected nature of joke... An English speaker knock-knock jokes will go over your head of critique for it that humor doesnt usually cross.... Nothing to do so if they want to find humor, and music general! 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Cleaning a toilet with a bit of humor suggests that we find fundamentally concepts! Or norm Wilkins & Eisenbraun, 2009 ) something contrary to expectation or norm a bar one and! As four months of age ( Lovorn, 2008 ) substituting words here and there with. Humor with perceptions of stress and natural killer cell activity 're the one it... High comedy this isnt ; its barely qualifies as a human is to have a certain understanding or of... With that rhyme substituting words here and there both with others and by themselves your life is based off life...
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